Skip to main content
Future Business Journal
Download PDF

Using social media marketing to pro-tourism behaviours: the mediating role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism

Future Business Journal volume 9, Article number: 42 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Social media has recently played a highly impactful role in communication. Specifically, these channels are vital and have a substantial influence on the attitudes, behavioural intentions, and actual behaviour of tourists. Previous research showed clearly that there is an increasing number of individuals who rely heavily on social media platforms for gathering information and gaining knowledge about various issues. The current research tries to show the impact of these platforms on citizens’—as individuals—attitudes and behaviours to support tourism activities. Specifically, the current study examines three research objectives: (1) The impact of social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours. (2) The impact of social media marketing activities on both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. (3) The mediation role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism in the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. We adapted the theory of uses and gratifications and the stimulus-organism-response framework in the current research, where social media marketing drives pro-tourism behaviours indirectly through both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. A survey of 200 Albaha residents was conducted. We have used AMOS to check the constructs’ validity and reliability and Hayes’s PROCESS macro to test the mediation. The findings show that (1) Social media marketing activities help in explaining why city citizens positively behave towards tourism activities in their city; (2) Sequentially both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism partially mediate the relationships between social media marketing and pro-tourism behaviours. The current study contributes to the existing research through the elucidation of why residents behave to support tourism in their countries by using social media marketing activities. In addition, it adds a number of professional insights. For example, the admins of destination social media platforms should increase their efforts towards providing presence, conversation, interactivity, and sharing on these platforms.

Introduction

The pandemic has significantly impacted global economies, e.g. [1]. The tourism sector has become highly sensitive to the impact of this pandemic [2,3,4]. In other words, COVID-19 is widely recognised as a challenge or even a game-changer for travel and tourism [5]. The negative effects of the pandemic are obvious, but keywords with high relevance such as “sustainable tourism” represent the new development direction of tourism [2]. Residents are considered a proactive stakeholder group to co-create tourism products and services [6]. Pro-tourism behaviour is one of the key constructs related to the residents. It represents a behavioural dimension of resident attitudes towards tourism development [7]. Residents’ pro-tourism behavioural intention plays an important role in determining the sustainability or even success of a tourist destination [8]. Although understanding resident pro-tourism behaviour is critical, it is still a new research area [7].

The Internet, as a dynamic technology, is constantly evolving as users adopt and reject new features, devices, and applications and use them in ways that are often unexpected [9]. It promises broad-based changes to individuals and organisations that are profound to warrant the title of revolution [10]. The Internet is an easy and convenient way to communicate socially [11]. In other words, through the internet, information sharing and communication have become easier [10]. Electronic mail, commonly known as e-mail, is one of the most popular features of the Internet [12]. Besides, the dropping cost of communication has led to increased traffic and greater information access [10]. The Internet is central to the new media [9]. It has become recognised as a global channel where consumers can be targeted, and entities can both advertise and present commercial offerings [13].

Social media has recently been a highly impactful channel of communication in the modern times of digitised living [14]. Social media channels are vital in the contemporary period of time and have a substantial influence on the attitudes, behavioural intentions, and actual behaviour of tourists [15,16,17]. For most firms, social media alters the ways of communicating with partners significantly [18]. Social media marketing is an essential part of twenty-first century business [19]. The media has changed the market dynamics and endangered the brands’ competitive positions. Brands have increasingly adopted social media for various marketing activities such as branding, customer relationship management, service provision, and sales promotion [20].

Digital marketing is very helpful in promoting tourism destinations, for example, digital marketing using social media [21]. The previous work highlighted the importance of social media and digital data in understanding the dynamics of tourism [22,23,24]. Social media is a widely used technology platform for sharing tourism information and experience, which motivates us to explore social media engagement more [25]. In other words, the pervasive impact of social media provides new opportunities to study residents’ attitudes to tourism since residents express their opinions and read about tourism development on social media [26]. The exchange of social media-based information for citizens and tourists is part of the practice-based solution for better sustainable tourism planning [27]. Although there has been a phenomenal growth in social media studies, that is not a new research topic [28, 29], the previous research on social media marketing has little attention particularly related to pro-tourism [19, 29,30,31]. In other words, despite the massive popularity of social media, research with a set of driving constructs along with indicators of social media regarding the changing attitudes and behaviours are lacking in the literature [15, 16]. Few studies have been conducted to examine the use of social media by marketers, particularly in eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia [29]. In other words, although the use of social media has gained increasing importance as a component of brands’ portfolio strategies, scant research has systematically consolidated and extended knowledge on social media marketing strategies [43]. Specifically, whereas there has been an increasing academic interest related to social media in tourism, the existing literature is still in its infancy [32,33,34]. Little attention has been paid to the perceptions of social media from tourism providers’ perspectives, as most studies have addressed social media from a traveler’s point of view [32, 35].

Preceding research proposed that destination attractiveness is one of the important determinant factors that could enhance tourism, particularly destination loyalty [36]. Besides, research on resident attitudes of tourism has become one of the most important areas of tourism [37]. In other words, since tourists significantly vary from residents in a demographic sense, the contact between them can subsequently shape residents’ behaviours and attitudes [38]. Despite the importance of residents’ attitude towards tourism impacts and development [39], little attention has been gained to examining residents’ attitudes in developing countries, especially at the inception stages when the support and involvement of the local community is vital to the success of tourism development efforts [40]. Attitudes towards tourism and support for tourism development have been prioritised “outcomes” in the tourism impacts literature [41]. Although satisfactory attention has been paid to residents' attitudes to tourism in previous studies, few research has used residents' attitudes to tourists and tourism simultaneously to explain their support for tourism [42].

To contribute to filling these research gaps, our research question is to what extent social media marketing activities motivate destination residents to positively (1) perceive high attractive destination, (2) form attitude towards the impacts of tourism, and (3) behave towards the destination tourism (pro-tourism behaviours). Thus, the current study examines the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. It also examines the relationships between social media marketing activities and both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. Finally, it examines the mediation role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism in the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours.

The current study contributes to the existing research in different main ways: First, it elucidates why residents behave to support tourism in their countries by using social media marketing activities. The results fill research gaps, particularly in eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia [15, 29, 32, 43]. In addition, it contributes to the literature by revealing the vital role of social media marketing activities in interpreting residents’ pro-tourism behaviours. Residents with high levels of social media participation about their cities/ destinations do more pro-tourism behaviours. Second, although considerable research has demonstrated the relationships between destination attractiveness and attitude, their roles in building pro-tourism behaviours are still limited [42]. This study adds to the emerging literature by demonstrating that attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism directly increases pro-tourism behaviours. A number of professional insights can be drawn based on this study's findings, which will advise marketers of social marketing platforms about the factors that improve residents’ pro-tourism behaviours. For example, as social media marketing activities facilitate effective ways of communicating with partners [19], the admins of social media platforms should increase their efforts towards providing presence, conversation, interactivity, and sharing on these platforms. Admins should improve these functions to enhance the perceived destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism and boost the pro-tourism behaviours. This may be possible by designing platforms such as Instagram and Facebook pages that deliver and focus on updated information about the sites and locations to enhance the residents’ preferences. The admins of these platforms should also focus on improving conversation functionality by replying to the comments of the fans on their Facebook and/or Instagram page(s). This means that the interactivity level on these platforms is high. Besides, using advanced technology, historical browsing behaviours can be adapted by organising the page’s content from a residents’ perspective to enable reading, commenting, and following the discussions on particular subjects of interest.

Theoretical background

The conceptual framework (Fig. 1) explicates potential antecedents of pro-tourism behaviours. The framework draws on theory of uses and gratifications theory [44]. Based on the theory, the individuals are actively and selectively involved in media (e.g. social media) usage to satisfy their psychological and social needs (e.g. perceived attractiveness and attitudes). In addition, the current conceptual framework is also based on the stimulus-organism-response (S–O–R) model proposed by Mehrabian and Russell [45]. The S–O–R model has been extensively employed in tourism [46, 47]. It posits that environmental stimulus, such as joining social media platforms (S), elicits an emotional and attitudinal reactions (such as perceived destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism) from an organism (O), and these reactions trigger the corresponding behaviour response (R) such as pro-tourism behaviours. Whereby organism refers to the internal processes and outcomes of the stimulus, it normally plays a mediating role between stimulus and responses, e.g. [48]. Thus, the model hypothesises that social media marketing activities influence pro-tourism behaviours directly and indirectly through destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Research framework

Full size image

Social media marketing

Social media refers to web-based applications that are used as a source of social interaction, collaboration, and creative expression [28, 49, 50]. The rise of social media has essentially altered the tourism industry, permitting both tourists and tourism providers to become the “media” themselves for communicating, collaborating, and sharing tourism-related information in the form of photos, videos, and stories [32]. The media gives brands a better platform to promote and build strong relationships with their consumers [29, 51].

Social media marketing scope represents a range from defenders to explorers [19]. It refers to “the utilisation of social media technologies, channels, and software to create, communicate, deliver, and exchange offerings that have value for an organisation’s stakeholders” [52], p 19. Social media marketing also helps brands in improving their business activities and inducing them to invest more in digital marketing [53]. Previous studies developed models that are considered as important frameworks to help in understanding social media platforms [54]. Social media can be examined as a type of persuasion tool [18]. According to Khan and Jan’s [54] study, social media plays critical roles or functions such as identity, conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, and groups functions that help in developing social media user experience. Presence functionality represents the extent to which the user knows the others are present. Sharing functionality represents the extent to which the user exchanges, distributes, and receives content. Identity functionality shows the extent to which the user reveals themselves.

Destination attractiveness

Destination attractiveness reflects the excellences, feelings, beliefs, and sentiments of individuals (such as tourists) on the destination [55]. It refers to travelers’ perceptions about a destination and its aptitude to satisfy their needs and wants [56]. Destination attractiveness perceptions might be differed from one visitor to another and the purpose of the visit [57]. For instance, a destination might appeal to a visitor considering a honeymoon, nonetheless not appeal to their family summer holiday. However, the current research examines destination attractiveness from the residents’ perspective. Social media platforms have a significant impact on destination attractiveness [58, 59]. Social media enhances the perceived attractiveness of decision markers [60]. Previous research confirmed that social media content is an influential factor in determining destination attractiveness [18]. The large information available on platforms can contribute to destination attractiveness [61]. Thus,

H1

Social media marketing positively influences destination attractiveness.

Attitude to the positive impacts of tourism

Attitudes of residents towards tourism development and its influences aid as critically significant inputs in identifying the strategic and managerial priorities of tourism [62]. In other words, understanding resident attitudes towards tourism development allows government and practitioners to design favourable strategies for community development [63]. For example, when residents have strong positive attitudes towards tourism, it is likely that they are willing to co-create value with the visitors [64]. Attitudes towards tourism held by residents are influenced by a variety of individual and community or societal level factors [62]. Social media has increasing influences over public opinions [65]. Social media content can generate positive or negative attitudes of the destination [15, 18]. The intangible benefits gained through interactions on social networking sites influence consumers’ attitudes towards those sites [66]. Thus,

H2

Social media marketing positively influences attitude to the positive impacts of tourism.

Pro-tourism behaviours

Residents provide pro-tourism behaviours when they perceive that benefits are more than the costs [66]. Pro-tourism behaviours include participation in tourism development or recommendation and revisit intentions [67]. Social influences such as the destruction of living standards and conflict between residents had a significant influence on the support of tourism development of residents [66]. Social media enables interactive connections and collaborations with other stakeholders in the community such as destination residents [61]. The contribution of users to objects (e.g. tourism destinations) on social media platforms is described by the dimension of interaction [68]. In the context of tourism, they influence the behaviour of tourists and lead to choosing certain brand(s) and destinations and making travel-related decisions. A tourist information search has a strong impact on behavioural intention rather than the actual behaviour [16]. Thus,

H3

Social media marketing positively influences pro-tourism behaviours.

Destination attractiveness plays a key factor in destination competitiveness and success [69]. Destination attractiveness has an impact on tourists' attitude [56]. The preceding studies show that residents’ perception of destination attractiveness is a key factor in understanding their behaviour towards tourism development [70]. Destination attractiveness has an impact on tourism development support of local people [66]. In other words, residents who have a positive perceived destination attractiveness possess pro-tourism behaviour [70]. Hence,

H4

Destination attractiveness positively influences a) attitude to the positive impacts of tourism and b) pro-tourism behaviours.

The attitude of community stakeholders such as local people or residents is very important for sustainable tourism development [66]. Residents’ attitudes impact their support for tourism development. In other words, the positive attitudes lead to pro-tourism development behaviours [71, 72]. Previous research showed the significant and strong direct effect of attitude towards tourism on support for tourism development [39]. Positive resident attitudes encourage a more welcoming and friendly destination [73]. Moreover, resident attitudes have the power to impact resident behaviour towards tourists, which affects tourism planning and development as well as a destination’s success or failure [42, 74]. Thus,

H5

Attitude to the positive impacts of tourism positively influences pro-tourism behaviours.

The mediating effect of destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism

According to the S–O–R paradigm, social media marketing activities can thus be treated as a social stimulus. Destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism are deemed to be the emotional and attitudinal reactions of the organism and pro-tourism behaviours. They are regarded as the behavioural response of the organism. In addition, whereby organism refers to the internal processes and outcomes of the stimulus, it normally plays a mediating role between stimulus and responses, e.g. [48]. In other words, since the S–O–R model suggests that the effects of stimuli on an individual’s response would be mediated by individual’s internal state, e.g. [76], we include destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism as the mediators in the current study. Preceding research has shown that social media marketing activities positively affected perceived attractiveness [18] and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism [65], destination attractiveness positively impacted pro-tourism behaviours [70], and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism positively impacted pro-tourism behaviours [39]. Furthermore, destination attitude mediated the relationship between destination attractiveness and destination attachment [56]. Destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism may therefore play a mediating role between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. Thus,

H6a

Destination attractiveness mediates the relationship between social media activities and pro-tourism behaviours.

H6b

Attitude to the positive impacts of tourism mediates the relationship between social media activities and pro-tourism behaviours.

H6c

Destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism mediate the relationship between social media activities and pro-tourism behaviours.

Methodology

We chose the quantitative approach to test the effects between the constructs under investigation. We used the questionnaire to collect the data. Before collecting the actual data, we conducted a pre-test study to make sure that all items are understandable and reflect the constructs under investigation.

Pre-test study

We recruited a professional translator to take part in this process and guarantee the reliability of the translated version [76]. We also chose two marketing professors and ten students to review the questionnaire and evaluate its face and content validity, resulting in minimal design and wording changes. Some examples were added to some scale items to improve these items’ clarity.

Sampling and actual data collection

The research population includes all the residents who live in Albaha City in Saudi Arabia. Since it was difficult to get a frame, a convenience non-probability sample was chosen for this study [77]. Two hundred fourteen completed questionnaires were collected between July–September 2021. The questionnaires have been collected online via a link, which was sent to people who live there. Fourteen questionnaires were dropped as the trapped questions were wrongly answered. The sample size is still acceptable since previous research used similar size in their studies and some of them stated that a sample size between 200 and 300 is recommended to produce sophisticated results and improve credibility and generalisability, e.g. [78,79,80]. The questionnaire starts with socio-demographic information. Table 1 shows the sample characteristics. Among the sample participants: 84% were male and 16% were female, 71% were younger than 30 years old, 19% were 30 to 39, 6%were 40 to 49, and 4% were older than 50 years. Afterwards, the survey adopted existing scales for the variables selected from the current literature.

Table 1 Sample characteristics
Full size table

Research context

The tourism context was chosen as the current research is part of a funded project to investigate how to enhance the tourism activities in Saudi Arabia, particularly Albaha destination. Tourism has become a strategic sector that contributes to the country developments. However, the country must exert great effort as tourism destinations have increasingly become competitive all over the world due to the diverse options the tourists have for travel. King Salman has developed a 2030 vision to make Saudi Arabia Kingdom a successful and pioneering model in the world at all levels/ sectors. One of these sectors is tourism. The current research is conducted to support achieving the vision’s goals. The current research will be applied on Albaha destination as an area of the Saudi Arabia Kingdom.

Construct measures

Social media marketing scale comprises seven dimensions, namely, identity functionality (3 items), conversation functionality (3 items), sharing functionality (4 items), presence functionality (3items), reputation functionality (3items), relationships functionality (3 items), and groups functionality (3 items) [54]. The destination attractiveness scale includes 9 items proposed by Hu and Ritchie [55], and Thach and Axinn (1994), cited in [81]. Attitude to the positive impacts of tourism and pro-tourism behaviours includes 8 and 5 items, respectively [82].

Data analysis and results

Instrument validation

Table 2 shows the standard deviations and means of each construct. It also shows Cronbach’s alphas for all research constructs, which were greater than the recommended value (0.7) [83]. The variables were also evaluated for convergent and discriminant validity through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using AMOS [84, 85]. As shown in Table 2 for the remaining items, the unidimensionality of each construct and the measurement model was checked, based on Janssens et al.’s study [23]. It had a good fit (X2 (217) = 297.81 p = 0.000; GFI = 0.89; NFI = 0.895; CFI = 0.968; TLI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.043; SRMR = 0.0423). Based on Fornell and Larcker’s [77] and Janssens et al.’s [87] studies, four criteria were used to evaluate the convergent validity of constructs’ items. All factor loadings’ estimates of the remaining items were above 0.5 (loadings ranged from 0.631 to 0.909). All of t-values > 1.96 (loadings ranged from 6.545 to 16.741 (p < 0. 001)), as shown in Table 2. As Table 2 also indicates, all composite reliability (CRs) were above the recommended level of 0.7 except for the relationships functionality construct. However, it was very close (0.68) to the accepted level. All amount of variance (AVE) estimates were above the recommended level of 0.5, except for attitude to the positive impacts of tourism and pro-tourism behaviours constructs. However, they were very close (0.498 and 0.468, respectively) to the accepted level. All four criteria provided support of the constructs’ convergent validity. Discriminant validity was also evaluated. All square roots of AVE estimates on the diagonal were greater than the construct correlations with another factor, as shown in Table 3. It provides evidence of discriminant validity for all research constructs.

Table 2 Mean, Std. deviation, standardized factor loadings, t-values and Cronbach's alpha
Full size table
Table 3 correlations and the square root of the average variance extracted
Full size table

Direct effect

Direct effect of social media marketing construct

Empirical results in Table 4 show that while social media marketing construct influences destination attractiveness (β = 0.979, p < 0.001) and pro-tourism behaviours (β = 0.287, p < 0.01), it does not influence the attitude to the positive impacts of tourism (β = 0.139, p > 0.05). Thus, hypotheses 1 and 3 are supported and hypothesis 2 is not supported.

Table 4 Summary of hypotheses testing results (Direct effect)
Full size table

Direct effect of destination attractiveness construct

Empirical results (as shown in Table 4) show that destination attractiveness influences the attitude to the positive impacts of tourism (β = 0.211, p < 0.01). However, it does not influence pro-tourism behaviours (β = 0.061, p > 0.05). These results provide support for hypothesis 4a that destination attractiveness enhances the attitude to the positive impacts of tourism but does not directly enhance the pro-tourism behaviours (hypothesis 4b is not supported).

Direct effect of the attitude to the positive impacts of tourism

Empirical results (as shown in Table 4) show that attitude to the positive impacts of tourism influences the pro-tourism behaviours, (β = 0.199, p < 0.01). These results provide support for hypothesis 5 that the attitude to the positive impacts of tourism enhances the pro-tourism behaviours.

Indirect effect

The current research includes three mediating hypotheses (H6a, H6b, and H6c). To test the mediation, we followed Hayes’s PROCESS macro (Model 6) instructions [88]. Table 5 shows the statistical significance of the direct and indirect effects. The results were produced with the bootstrap procedure (5000 bootstraps) and the confidence interval (95%). For hypotheses 6a, and b, (as shown in Table 5), the bootstrap procedure generated (− 0.215 and 0.073), and (− 0.006 and 0.095), respectively, included (zero) for the indirect effect of (H6a) social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours through destination attractiveness, and (H6b) social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours through attitude to the positive impacts of tourism. Thus, both hypotheses are not supported. However, for hypothesis 6c, (as shown in Table 5), the bootstrap procedure generated did not include zero for the indirect effect of social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours through destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism (0.006 and 0.085). After taking both destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism into account, the direct relationship between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours still became significant; the bootstrap procedure generated (0.164 and 0.427) did not include zero, showing partial mediation existence. Thus, hypothesis 6c is supported.

Table 5 Summary of hypotheses testing results (mediating effect)
Full size table

Discussion

This research shows that social media marketing activities enhance destination attractiveness, ultimately leading to attitude to the positive impacts of tourism and pro-tourism behaviours, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

The direct and indirect effect results

Full size image

The results indicate that social media marketing plays a positively significant role in influencing destination attractiveness. However, social media marketing does not play a direct significant role in shaping the residents’ attitudes to the positive impacts of tourism. These results are in line with preceding research that confirmed that social media platforms have a significant impact on perceived destination attractiveness [58]. In other words, social media content is an influential factor in determining destination attractiveness [18]. The large information available on platforms can contribute to destination attractiveness [61]. The results also show that social media marketing activities play an important role in improving pro-tourism behaviours. These results are consistent with previous studies [e.g. 30], which indicated that residents’ social media use is positively related to their support for tourism. In a similar vein, this is consistent with previous research [e.g., 60] that confirmed that social media enhances decision makers’ behaviours. Social influences such as destruction of living standards and conflict between residents had a significant influence on the support of tourism development of residents [66].

The direct influence of destination attractiveness on attitude to the positive impacts of tourism is confirmed. When residents perceive their communities or cities as attractive, they are more likely to create a positive attitude to the positive impacts of tourism. This result is in line with previous research [56]. Besides, the direct influence of attitude to the positive impacts of tourism on pro-tourism behaviours is also confirmed. This result is in line with previous research [30, 39, 72]. However, the direct influence of destination attractiveness on pro-tourism behaviours is not confirmed.

We also intended to extend the understanding of the mediating role of destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism in satisfying the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. The results show partial mediation existence of both destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism in the influence of social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours. This means that pro-tourism behaviours might happen due to social media marketing activities, not necessarily destination attractiveness or attitude to the positive impacts of tourism. However, the indirect impact of social media marketing on pro-tourism behaviours should be through both destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism, respectively.

Conclusions

The current study examines the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. It also examines the relationships between social media marketing activities and both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. Finally, it examines the mediation role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism in the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. This study contributes to the marketing literature and provides practical implications. The following sections highlight these contributions and implications.

Theoretical contributions

The current research advances the insights of tourism developments in different ways. First, on contrary to previous research that focused on tourists’ perspective, the current study contributes to residents’ behaviour to support tourism in their countries by using social media marketing activities from the resident’s perspective. The results fill the research gap that previous research showed that social media marketing has little attention media in tourism [32, 33], particularly in eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia [15, 19, 29, 43]. It also contributes to the literature by revealing the vital role of social media marketing activities in interpreting residents’ pro-tourism behaviours. Residents with high levels of social media participation about their cities/ destinations do more pro-tourism behaviours.

Second, preceding studies revealed the lack of knowledge in showing the relationships between destination attractiveness and attitude and their roles in building pro-tourism behaviours, [42]. This study adds to the emerging literature by demonstrating that attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism directly increases pro-tourism behaviours. Investigating these relationships shed light on how to shape the residents’ pro-tourism behaviours through destination attractiveness and attitude to the positive impacts of tourism. The results underline the importance of social media marketing activities as effective antecedents that enhance residents’ perceived destination attractiveness and improve their attitudes to the positive impacts of tourism. Thus, this research supplements preceding studies on enhancing residents’ perceived destination attractiveness and improving their attitudes to the positive impacts of tourism by introducing social media marketing activities as drivers of them. Third, this study is the first to investigate the mediating role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism in the linkage between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. These mediators enhance the understanding of tourism development [41, 67].

Practical implications

A number of practical implications are raised based on the current research findings, which guide marketers about social marketing platform-related factors that improve residents’ pro-tourism behaviours. First, as social media marketing activities facilitate effective ways of communicating with partners [19], the admins of social media platforms should increase their efforts towards providing presence, conversation, interactivity, and sharing on these platforms. Admins should improve these functions to enhance the perceived destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism and boost pro-tourism behaviours. This may be possible by designing platforms such as Instagram and Facebook pages that deliver and focus on updated information about sites and locations to enhance the residents’ preferences. The admins of these platforms should also focus on improving conversation functionality by replying to the comments of the fans on their Facebook and/or Instagram page(s). This means that the interactivity level on these platforms is high. Besides, using advanced technology, historical browsing behaviours can be adapted by organising the page’s content from a residents’ perspective to enable reading, commenting, and following the discussions on particular subjects of interest. Admins of social media platforms can also invite social media influencers on these pages or channels to interact with the residents and enhance their perceived attractiveness about the destinations they belong to. In addition, as social media use was found to influence residents’ support for tourism, it sheds new light on the significance of using social media to improve residents’ levels of support for tourism. For instance, relevant institutions and management of the destinations should create official accounts on popular social media platforms (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp). They should provide updated information every day on new news regarding that destination(s).

Second, according to our findings, the admins of social media platforms are advised to advance strategic and tactical initiatives that inspire and reinforce the attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. This may demand that the admins employ relationship activities to improve residents’ interaction on social media platforms such as online communities [20]. Our findings show that social media marketing activities that residents receive play a critical role in enhancing residents’ perceived attractiveness about the destination and creating the attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. Thus, admins are advised to post valuable content that emphasises destination values to enhance residents’ attitudes towards the positive impacts of tourism.

Third, the results provide a base on which admins can improve residents’ perceived attractiveness and attitudes and thus, develop the likelihood of experiencing pro-tourism behaviours from destination’s residents. Admins should explore how to build the greatest possible residents’ perceived attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism with the destination. To enhance the resident’s attitudes, for example, the government and institutions should adopt a benefit-sharing system and provide more job opportunities to the destination residents in order to ensure their appropriate rights and interests. In addition, Marketing should emphasise on activities linked with high conversation, interactivity, sharing, and relations that could build a highly perceived attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism on residents. For example, developing precise and pertinent content on social media platforms of the destination (e.g. sharing information about the new touristic activities of the destination; providing information of any enhancements of current services, activities, or promotion activities). Finally, the government and tourism institutions should allow residents to participate in decision-making processes connected to tourism planning and even serve as the main management personnel of the destination tourism corporate [30].

Limitations and future research

The current study reports essential antecedents of having residents who support tourism in their countries, though numerous limits exist. First, while the selected research approach to examine the hypotheses supports achieving the research objectives, different approaches and/or methods such as the experimental approach would improve the results' validity. Furthermore, although the use of point-in-time snapshot data is crucial in considering directional relations between the study constructs, they do not allow for causal explanations that could be recognised through using the longitudinal design (whether over short or long periods of time). Second, we selected tourism to represent the research context in general. However, the findings might deliver a confounded explanation since the tourism sector reflects diverse tourism categories such as domestic tourism, international tourism, business tourism, adventure tourism, wildlife tourism, medical tourism, and wellness tourism. Thus, the research could employ specific types or conduct comparative research to show the differences. Assessing residents' attitudes and behaviours towards tourism types could be insightful. Finally, further study would examine the impact of advanced technological tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) and generative tools in enhancing the interactions between residents and tourists on the destination’s social media platforms.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

S–O–R:

Stimulus–organism–response

CFA:

Confirmatory factor analysis

AVE:

Amount of variance

CR:

Composite reliability

References

  1. Wang Q, Zhang F (2021) What does the China’s economic recovery after COVID-19 pandemic mean for the economic growth and energy consumption of other countries? J Clean Prod 295:126265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang Q, Huang R (2021) The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainable development goals–a survey. Environ Res 202:111637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bhatia A, Roy B, Kumar A (2022) A review of tourism sustainability in the era of Covid-19. J Stat Manag Syst 25(8):1871–1888

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chang CL, McAleer M, Ramos V (2020) A charter for sustainable tourism after COVID-19. Sustainability 12(9):3671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Higgins-Desbiolles F (2020) The “war over tourism”: challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID-19. J Sustain Tour 29(4):551–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Erul E, Woosnam KM, Ribeiro MA, Salazar J (2020) Complementing theories to explain emotional solidarity. J Sustain Tour. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1800718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu J, Lin H, Hu B, Zhou Z, Agyeiwaah E, Xu Y (2022) Advancing the understanding of the resident pro-tourism behavior scale: an integration of item response theory and classical test theory. J Bus Res 141:113–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shen K, Geng C, Su X (2019) Antecedents of residents’ pro-tourism behavioral intention: place image, place attachment, and attitude. Front Psychol 10:2349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dutton WH, Blank G (2014) The emergence of next-generation internet users. IEEP 11:29–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Feldman MP (2002) The Internet revolution and the geography of innovation. Int Soc Sci J 54(171):47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jones S (2008) Internet goes to college: how students are living in the future with today’s technology. Diane Publishing, USA

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hillstrom K (2005) The internet revolution. Omnigraphics, Detroit

    Google Scholar 

  13. Giovannetti E, Kagami M, Tsuji M (2003) The internet revolution: a global perspective Cambridge University Press (Vol 66)

  14. Dwivedi Y, Kapoor K, Chen H (2015) Social media marketing and advertising. Mark Rev 15(3):289–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Alansari MT, Velikova N, Jai TMC (2018) Marketing effectiveness of hotel Twitter accounts: the case of Saudi Arabia. J Hosp Tour Technol 9(1):65–79

    Google Scholar 

  16. Javed M, Tučková Z, Jibril AB (2020) The role of social media on tourists’ behavior: An empirical analysis of millennials from the Czech Republic. Sustainability 12(18):7735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rather RA (2021) Monitoring the impacts of tourism-based social media, risk perception and fear on tourist’s attitude and revisiting behaviour in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Issue Tour 24(23):3275–3283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shu M, Scott N (2014) Influence of social media on Chinese students’ choice of an overseas study destination: an information adoption model perspective. J Travel Tour Mark 31(2):286–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Felix R, Rauschnabel P, Hinsch C (2017) Elements of strategic social media marketing: a holistic framework. J Bus Res 70:118–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Elsharnouby M, Mohsen J, Saeed O, Mahrous A (2021) Enhancing resilience to negative information in consumer-brand interaction: the mediating role of brand knowledge and involvement. J Res Interact Mark 16(3):329–345

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hartanto Y, Firmansyah MA, & Adhrianti L (2022) Implementation digital marketing pesona 88 curup in to build image for the decision of visit tourist attraction. In: 4th social and humanities research symposium (SoRes 2021) (pp 589–594). Atlantis Press

  22. Giglio S, Bertacchini F, Bilotta E, Pantano P (2019) Using social media to identify tourism attractiveness in six Italian cities. Tour Manage 72:306–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Peco-Torres F, Polo-Pena AI, Frias-Jamilena DM (2021) Brand personality in cultural tourism through social media. Tour Rev 76(1):164–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Joo Y, Seok H, Nam Y (2020) The moderating effect of social media use on sustainable rural tourism: a theory of planned behavior model. Sustainability 12(10):4095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Paul I, Roy G (2023) Tourist’s engagement in eco-tourism: a review and research agenda. J Hosp Tour Manag 54:316–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nunkoo R, Gursoy D, Dwivedi YK (2023) Effects of social media on residents’ attitudes to tourism: conceptual framework and research propositions. J Sustain Tour 31(2):350–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Vu H, Muskat B, Li G, Law R (2020) Improving the resident–tourist relationship in urban hotspots. J Sustain Tour 29(4):595–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Al-Qaysi N, Mohamad-Nordin N, Al-Emran M (2020) A systematic review of social media acceptance from the perspective of educational and information systems theories and models. J Edu Comput Res 57(8):2085–2109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sohail M, Hasan M, Sohail AF (2020) The impact of social media marketing on brand trust and brand loyalty: an Arab perspective. Int J Online Mark 10(1):15–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Shen K, Yang J (2022) Residents’ support for Tourism Amidst the COVID-19 Era: an application of social amplification of risk framework and knowledge, attitudes, and practices theory. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(6):3736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ketter E, Avraham E (2021) # StayHome today so we can# TravelTomorrow: tourism destinations’ digital marketing strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Travel Tour Mark 38(8):819–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Canovi M, Pucciarelli F (2019) Social media marketing in wine tourism: winery owners’ perceptions. J Travel Tour Mark 36(6):653–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Hudson S, Roth M, Madden T, Hudson R (2015) The effects of social media on emotions, brand relationship quality, and word of mouth: an empirical study of music festival attendees. Tour Manag 47:68–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Nusair K (2020) Developing a comprehensive life cycle framework for social media research in hospitality and tourism: a bibliometric method 2002–2018. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag 32(3):1041–1066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lu Y, Chen Z, Law R (2018) Mapping the progress of social media research in hospitality and tourism management from 2004 to 2014. J Travel Tour Mark 35(2):102–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nasira M, Mohamada M, Ab Ghania N, Afthanorhana A (2020) Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using phantom approach. Manag Sci Lett 10:443–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. McGehee N, Andereck K (2004) Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. J Travel Res 43(2):131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ward C, Berno T (2011) Beyond social exchange theory: attitudes toward tourists. Ann Tour Res 38(4):1556–1569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gannon M, Rasoolimanesh S, Taheri B (2021) Assessing the mediating role of residents’ perceptions toward tourism development. J Travel Res 60(1):149–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Teye V, Sirakaya E, Sönmez SF (2002) Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Ann Tour Res 29(3):668–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Jordan E, Spencer D, Prayag G (2019) Tourism impacts, emotions, and stress. Ann Tour Res 75:213–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Shen K, Yang J, Geng C (2021) How residents’ attitudes to tourists and tourism affect their pro-tourism behaviours: the moderating role of Chinese traditionality. Front Psychol 12:792324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Li F, Larimo J, Leonidou L (2021) Social media marketing strategy: definition, conceptualization, taxonomy, validation, and future agenda. J Acad Mark Sci 49(1):51–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Katz E, Gurevitch M, Haas H (1973) On the use of mass media for important things. Am Sociol Rev 38:164–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mehrabian A, Russell J (1974) An approach to environmental psychology. The MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rodríguez-Torrico P, Prodanova J, San-Martín S, Jimenez N (2020) The ideal companion: the role of mobile phone attachment in travel purchase intention. Curr Issue Tour 23(13):1659–1672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Yin J, Cheng Y, Bi Y, Ni Y (2020) Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: the moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality. J Destin Mark Manag 18:100489

    Google Scholar 

  48. Emir A, Halim H, Hedre A, Abdullah D, Azmi A, Kamal SBM (2016) Factors influencing online hotel booking intention: a conceptual framework from stimulus-organism-response perspective. Int Acad Res J Bus Technol 2(2):129–134

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dabbagh N, Reo, R (2010) Back to the future: tracing the roots and learning. Web 2.0-based e-learning: applying social informatics for tertiary teaching. IGI Global 1.

  50. Kaplan A, Haenlein M (2010) Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus Horiz 53(1):59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Elsharnouby MH, Jayawardhena C, Liu H, Elbedweihy AM (2022) Strengthening consumer–brand relationships through avatars. J Res Interact Mark (ahead-of-print), 1–21

  52. Tuten T (2020) Social media marketing. Sage

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chatterjee S, Kar A (2020) Why do small and medium enterprises use social media marketing and what is the impact: empirical insights from India. Int J Inf Manag 53:102103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Khan JA (2019) A measure of social media marketing: scale development and validation. Jindal J Bus Res 8(2):158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hu Y, Ritchie J (1993) Measuring destination attractiveness: a contextual approach. J Travel Res 32(2):25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Reitsamer B, Brunner-Sperdin A, Stokburger-Sauer N (2016) Destination attractiveness and destination attachment: the mediating role of tourists’ attitude. Tour Manag Perspect 19:93–101

    Google Scholar 

  57. Pike S, Pontes N, Kotsi F (2021) Stopover destination attractiveness: a quasi-experimental approach. J Destin Mark Manag 19:100514

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kim S, Lee K, Shin S, Yang S (2017) Effects of tourism information quality in social media on destination image formation: the case of Sina Weibo. Inform manag 54(6):687–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Yadav M, Roychoudhury B (2019) Effect of trip mode on opinion about hotel aspects: a social media analysis approach. Int J Hosp Manag 80:155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Boivin M, Tanguay G (2019) Analysis of the determinants of urban tourism attractiveness: the case of Québec City and Bordeaux. J Destin Mark Manag 11:67–79

    Google Scholar 

  61. Del Vecchio P, Mele G, Ndou V, Secundo G (2018) Creating value from social big data: implications for smart tourism destinations. Inf Process Manage 54(5):847–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Tatoglu E, Erdal F, Ozgur H, Azakli S (2002) Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts: the case of Kusadasi in Turkey. Int J Hosp Tour Adm 3(3):79–100

    Google Scholar 

  63. Murphy P, Pritchard M, Smith B (2000) The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions. Tour Manag 21(1):43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Monterrubio C (2016) The impact of spring break behaviour: an integrated threat theory analysis of residents’ prejudice. Tour Manag 1(54):418–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fedeli G (2020) Fake news’ meets tourism: a proposed research agenda. Ann Tour Res 80:102684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Oh S, Lee S, Oh J (2018) Influence of Tourism development impact, Destination attractiveness and the support policy of tourism development on local stakeholder’s Tourism development attitudes. Int J Pure Appl Math 120(6):6159–6170

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dang L, Weiss J (2021) Evidence on the relationship between place attachment and behavioral intentions between 2010 and 2021: a systematic literature review. Sustainability 13(23):13138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Ebrahim RS (2020) The role of trust in understanding the impact of social media marketing on brand equity and brand loyalty. J Relationsh Mark 19(4):287–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Mikulic J, Kresic D, Prebezac D et al (2016) Identifying drivers of destination attractiveness in a competitive environment: a comparison of approaches. J Destin Mark Manag 5(2):154–163

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nazneen S, Xu H, Ud DN (2021) Assessment of residents’ destination image and their pro-tourism development behaviour: perspectives on the China-Pakistan economic corridor. Tour Rev 76(1):184–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee T (2013) Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tour Manag 34:37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Tournois L (2018) A pre-event assessment of residents’ reactions to Dubai expo 2020. Tour Manag 68:46–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Chancellor C, Townson L, Duffy L (2021) Destination ambassador programs: building informed tourist friendly destinations. J Destin Mark Manag 21:100639

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bornhorst T, Ritchie J, Sheehan L (2010) Determinants of tourism success for DMOs and destinations: an empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tour Manag 31(5):572–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Yang X, Gu D, Wu J, Liang C, Ma Y, Li J (2021) Factors influencing health anxiety: the stimulus–organism–response model perspective. Internet Res 31(6):2033–2054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Mosaad M, AbouAish E, Elsharnouby MH (2022) The role of brand and fan personalities in building fan-brand relationships. Int J Cust Relationsh Mark Manag (IJCRMM) 13(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  77. Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A (2009) Research methods for business students. Pearson, New York

    Google Scholar 

  78. Ahmed R, Philbin SP, Cheema FEA (2021) Systematic literature review of project manager’s leadership competencies. Eng Constr Archit Manag 28(1):1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Abdo MS, Ahmed SA, Awad BK, Elsharnouby MH (2023) Fostering green purchasing behavior: the moderated mediation role of customer disidentification. Manag Sustain Arab Rev 2(2):155–176

    Google Scholar 

  80. Novita D, Husna N (2020) The influence factors of consumer behavioral intention towards online food delivery services. TECHNOBIZ Int J Bus 3(2):40–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Cheng T, Wu H, Huang L (2013) The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu. Taiwan J Sustain Tour 21(8):1166–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Ribeiro M, Pinto P, Silva J, Woosnam K (2017) Residents’ attitudes and the adoption of pro-tourism behaviours: the case of developing island countries. Tour Manage 61:523–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Nunnally J (1978) Psychometric methods. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  84. Suhr, DD (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Stat Data Anal 1–17

  85. Orçan F (2018) Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: which one to use first? J Measurement Evaluation Edu Psychol 9(4):414–421

    Google Scholar 

  86. Fornell C, Larcker D (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18(1):39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Janssens W, Wijnen K, De Pelsmacker P, Kenhove V (2008) Marketing research with SPSS. Pearson, USA

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hayes A (2017) Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. Guilford publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Funding

University of Al-baha.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Business Administration, Al-Baha University, P.O.Box 1988, Alaqiq, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia

    Zyad M. Alzaydi

  2. Faculty of Business and Economics, Badr University in Cairo, P.O. Box 11829, Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed H. Elsharnouby

  3. Faculty of Commerce, Cairo University, P. O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt

    Mohamed H. Elsharnouby

Authors
  1. Zyad M. Alzaydi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed H. Elsharnouby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZMA developed the research framework, collected data, and was a major contributor to writing the manuscript. MHE co-developed the research framework, wrote the methodology section, and analysed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed H. Elsharnouby.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alzaydi, Z.M., Elsharnouby, M.H. Using social media marketing to pro-tourism behaviours: the mediating role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. Futur Bus J 9, 42 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00220-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00220-5

Keywords