Corporate governance looking back to look forward in Pakistan: a review, synthesis and future research agenda

Abstract

The basic aim of this paper is to systematically review the corporate governance research trends in Pakistan and to give directions for future researchers in this field. The methodology adopted in this paper is “Systematic Literature Review,” 108 papers have been used from the period 2002–2020 along with 17 research theses in this study. The findings of this study show two trends in corporate governance research first one form 2008 to 2016 and the second one is from 2017 to 2020. The first trend shows that corporate governance (variables) is linked with traditional topics such as firm performance, dividend policy, capital structure, cost of capital and earnings management. The theory which is mostly used in the first corporate governance trend is the agency theory. In the second trend, corporate governance (variables) are linked with multiple issues while taking various theoretical perspectives such as risk taking, tunneling, CSR, investment portfolios, board-related issues, financial distress and much more. This paper has identified and filled the research gap by writing a comprehensive review paper of the prevailing corporate governance literature and has given directions for future researchers to consider it. To the best of researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study that has systematically reviewed and synthesized the corporate governance literature by adopting the systematic literature review methodology in Pakistan an emerging economy. It is an extensive effort for the purpose to encourage the interested researchers/scholars to add and expand their contributions to the corporate governance literature in Pakistan on the potentially identified areas of corporate governance.

Introduction

The basic aim of this study is to review, synthesize, assess and integrate the existing knowledge of Corporate Governance (hereafter, CG) and related topics in the Pakistani context, to examine the research trends in CG-related studies and issues in Pakistan, since the implementation of first Corporate Governance Code (hereafter, CCG) in 2002 and to give future research directions for potential researchers. The East Asian Financial Crisis 1997 and the famous Enron Scandal 2001 focused the academia, regulators and policymakers to improve governance structure in the companies and brought to light the importance of an effective institutional framework. According to Zitouni [158] since 1992 of the “Cadbury’s Report,” more than 400 CG codes have been published in different countries worldwide with different standards, principles and suggestions to effectively regulate the CG practices. Therefore, in order to improve the firm governance, board oversight and cope with international trends the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (hereafter, SECP) implemented the CCG 2002 to strengthen the board and audit committee functions, improve disclosure in the shape of the internal and external audit function and other good governance measures in line with international standards necessary for corporations.

Since the incorporation and promulgation of the CCG in 2002 in Pakistan, a new trend of research started in Pakistan and many researchers in Pakistan researched the topic of CG-related variables with firm financial performance [14, 20, 38, 47, 71, 78, 82, 94, 121, 124, 147, 148, 153], firm value [49, 90, 92, 104, 112, 135, 138, 150, 155], cost of capital [54, 61, 62, 64, 102, 122, 137], investment efficiency [129], cash holding [25, 77, 116, 146], related party transactions [34],56, 57, 141–145, accounting conservatism [111], disclosure and audit quality [102, 105, 111, 140], earnings quality [90, 92, 119], dividend policy [20, 23, 30, 32, 44, 88, 109, 123], risk taking [15, 35, 55, 97, 98, 143,144,145], corporate social responsibility [29, 51, 112] and earnings management [19, 42, 47, 61, 63, 65, 66, 73, 89, 100, 101, 107, 113, 122, 149].

The review of the above study shows that most of the studies are empirical in nature targeting specific variables, theories and utilizing various sources of data, in addition to this, there is a lack of review-based paper on CG in the Pakistani context, consequently, there was a need to make a comprehensive analysis of CG-related studies with different theories and variables. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to assess and consolidate the extant research about CG and related topics in Pakistan, to examine the research trends in the CG-related studies and issues from 2002 to 2020 in Pakistan, and provide guidance for future researchers to pursue new areas in CG related to Pakistan. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, we have gone through the review of Pakistani academic Journals recognized by the Higher Education Commission (hereafter, HEC) for the period of 2002 to 2020¹ as well as internationally published research work via a systematic literature review approach. The scope of this review paper is the studies related to CG and related topics published within Pakistani journals or international journals outside Pakistan which can be found in google scholar a bibliographic database and the largest academic articles database [8]. Moreover, CG is a very broad and a comprehensive discipline; therefore, this review study specifically focuses on those topics related to CG such as ownership structure, board structure, audit structure, CEO and board of directors’ roles & functions, CEO & board of directors’ features and family ownership, in addition to this, family business groups, business groups affiliation and earnings management-related studies are also included which may be linked with various types of dependent(predicated) variables. Moreover, the time period for this study is ranging from 2002 to 2020.² The reason for choosing this time period is the promulgation of the first code of corporate governance in Pakistan, furthermore, CG research gained its momentum in Pakistan after the implementation of CCG 2002 in Pakistan.

The findings of this study show two trends of CG research, one starts from the period of 2008 to 2016, and the second is from 2017 to 2020. The first trend of CG research shows that a large portion of the studies has linked CG with firm performance, dividend policy, cost of capital, capital structure and earnings manipulation. In addition to this, most of the studies in the first CG research trend have employed a small sample size, utilized the secondary sources of the data and researched under one specific theory which is in most cases agency theory. However, in the second CG research trend which is ranging for the period of 2017 to 2020 shows that CG is linked with multiple issues such as risk taking, tunneling, CSR, investment portfolios, board-related issues, financial distress, investment efficiency and much more. Moreover, the findings show that most of the studies are empirical in nature and utilize a secondary source of data and represent the study under different CG and finance-related theories. Furthermore, in this period the studies have used larger sample as compared to the first trend, additionally, the studies of this research trend show a specific element of CG such as the board of directors, CEO characteristics, specific ownership type, pyramidal ownership, and some other variables such as affiliation with group or bank, product market competition, disclosure and political connection are linked with CG and other related variables.

This review paper contributes to the CG literature particularly in Pakistan, in the following ways. Firstly, our review paper contributed systematically a comprehensive review on CG, by organizing, integrating and analyzing a body of dispersed CG work on Pakistani context. More specifically, in this review paper 125 studies have been analyzed, and then categorized them into four board research themes of CG. Secondly, this study has pointed out the focus on previous research of CG in terms of ownership structure, board structure and other related CG elements. Thirdly, to the best of our knowledge, this review is the first systematic literature review paper on CG in the Pakistani context, it is an extensive effort for the purpose to encourage the interested researchers/scholars to add and expand their contributions to the CG literature in Pakistan on the potentially identified areas of CG as identified and pointed out in “Future prospects” section in this research study. Lastly, this study not only integrated and extended the extant research on CG but offers future directions in the key identified areas of CG research to the potential CG scholars.

The scheme of the study is as follows, section 2 presents “The historical view of different corporate governance codes in Pakistan” of different corporate governance codes in Pakistan, research methods and systematic literature review steps are mentioned in section 3 “Research methods”, and results are presented in “Results and findings of the selected studies” section 4. In section 5 “Discussion”, of the study is made while this study is concluded on the future prospectus and conclusion.

The historical view of different corporate governance codes in Pakistan

The corporate sector of Pakistan consists of financial and non-financial institutions. These institutions are regulated by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), and Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). Financial institutions such as commercial banks, microfinance banks and development finance institutions are regulated by SBP while all non-financial institutions are regulated by SECP with a listing requirements in PSX. The first code of corporate governance (henceforth, CCG) was implemented in 2002 in Pakistan. The 2002 CCG was based and formulated on the examples of different codes throughout the world [56]. In this code, it was encouraged to have an independent director in the listed companies, it made compulsory to have training programs for directors, have guidelines for the establishment of an audit committee and the Chief Executive Officer & chairman could be the same persons. The 2002 CCG has no clause of female and expert directors in the board of directors or board’s committees. After a decade of implementation, the 2002 CCG was revised in 2012 by implementing more demanding clauses regarding the board of directors, board committees and compliance clauses.

In the CCG 2012, it is made mandatory that there must be at least one independent director in the board, while in the CCG 2002 it is suggested to be one in the board. In addition to this, it is preferred in the CCG 2012 to have 1/3 of independent directors in the board. Moreover, the independence of the directors in the board is further elaborated in the 2012 CCG as compared to the 2002 CCG. The number of multiple directorships at a time was restricted to 7 companies in the CCG 2012; furthermore, the duality of CEO & chairman is withdrawn. The independence of the Audit Committee was introduced in the CCG 2012 which was not given in the 2002 CCG; furthermore, it was also included that the board chairman and audit committee chairman should not be the same person. The 2012 code does not include any clause on gender diversity and board expertise while on the other hand in addition to the audit committee, the Remuneration and Human Resource Committee were introduced in the CCG 2012 and made this code is a listing requirement in the PSX in the same manner as the previous CCG 2002.

Due to some limitations such as lack of board diversity and expertise, and in order to cope with international trends and practices, SECP revised the 2012 CCG at the end of 2017. It includes the mandatory inclusion of female directors in the board and expertise members in the audit committee as well as reduced the multiple directorships from 7 to 5 companies. The gender diversity, expertise and increase independence in the board were included due to the international trends and practices. Moreover, before the implementation of CCG 2017, there were many legal law precedents of other countries regarding gender diversity to be included in the board such as in Norway gender diversity is 40% along with Sweden 23% in the board. Moreover, there were examples of India, Kenya and Malaysia who directly intervene to address gender diversity and other board issues in the CG codes. In addition to this, at that time when the CCG 2017 was implemented in Pakistan, there was only 6 percent female directors in the listed firms which were far below in the National Assembly of Pakistan (Parliament) proportion which stood at 17 percent, women participation in the labor force in Pakistan which was 15.8% and was below than the proportion of S&P 500 and FTSE 100 companies which are 20 to 25 percent.³

Therefore, keeping the above trends and precedents the SECP included the mandatory inclusion of female directors in the board in order to achieve at least 15% female representation in the board unto 2020. Furthermore, financially expertise members in the audit committee as well as one mandatory independent director in the AC who should be chairman of the AC are also included in the CCG 2017 following the Sarbanes Oxley Act (2002). In addition to this, it reduced the executive directors to 1/3 of the board of directors; furthermore, it improves the board independence by including the clause “not less than two members or one-third of the total members” should be independent in the board.⁴

Research methods

Data period and data sources

The methodology adopted in this paper is “Systematic Literature Review.” This methodology has been conducted on the selected papers for the period of 2002–2020 in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The rationale for selecting 2002 is the starting year of CG in Pakistan, and a new trend of research had started among the Pakistani researchers to research CG-related variables with different variables. The data source for this study is “HEC Recognized National Research Journals of Management Sciences & Economics,”⁵ HEC Research Repository and Google Scholar for the period of 2002 to 2020. In the HEC recognized journals list 12 are X-category Journals, 16 are Y-category Journals and 7 are Z-category Journal.

Research strategy

The methodology used in this study is “Systematic Literature Review.” In order to search the concerned topics in the HEC recognized Journals, HEC Research Repository and Google Scholar keywords strategy is implemented, a different combination of keywords has been used, those keywords were in the combination of dependent and independent variables, the details of those keywords are given in Table 1. After the review and investigation of 150 volumes of X-Category journals, 159 volumes of Y-Category journals and 19 volumes of Z-Category journals 93 papers were selected for the purpose of this study. Moreover, in the HEC Research Repository, 17 theses were also selected to evaluate it, and lastly, keywords combination research was carried out in Google Scholar up-to 10 pages for every keyword combination and resulted15 papers.

Table 1 Keywords combination used for the systematic literature review

Systematic literature review steps

Step No. 1

In the first step of systematic literature review, we search the related literature with the combination of our selected keywords in our data sources such as “HEC Recognized National Research Journals of Management Sciences & Economics,” HEC Research Repository and the Google Scholar. In the first stage, the HEC X-Category journals were targeted, with the detail review of 150 volumes 39 papers were extracted from the 12 recognized journals. In the second stage, the HEC Y-Category journals were focused, after the review of 159 volumes in the 16 recognized journals 47 papers were chosen to include in this study. In the third stage, the HEC Z-Category journals were selected, 6 related papers were taken from the 7 recognized journals and 19 volumes were analyzed for this purpose. The details of the Journals and papers selected from it is presented in Table 2. In the last stage, in order to review the published theses (Ph.D.) HEC Research Repository has opted. After searching under different keywords in the repository, 17 relevant theses were taken into consideration.

Table 2 HEC Recognized National Research Journals of Management Sciences & Economics List and Papers Taken for this Study

Step No. 2

In the second step of the systematic literature review, Google Scholar has been utilized for searching the keywords combination. The Google Scholar is one of the key bibliographic databases [103] which the researchers used to check their thematic novelty on it, others databases are Web of Science and Scopus. We have chosen Google Scholar due to our access to it, the Web of Science and Scopus are inaccessible to us. We search out our keywords combination on Google Scholar and after each keyword research, we have search 10 pages on it. In this way, 76 research articles were found.

Step No. 3

In the third step of the systematic literature review, the research article selected in step 1 and step 2 were taken to eliminate the same and duplicate articles. The Google Scholar articles which were 76 initially was brought down to 15 articles and the eliminated articles were already scrutinized during the “HEC Recognized Journals lists” review. The selected articles from Google Scholar and the journals details are given in Table 3.

Table 3 International and other Journals taken from Google Scholar Research Papers

Step No.4.

In the fourth step of the systematic literature review, 108 research articles and 17 theses were thoroughly analyzed in order to extract information concerning of the author and study year, dependent variable, independent variable, sample size and population, data period, major findings of the study and theory (s) used in the concerned study or theses (Ph.D.).

The steps no 5 and 6 are carried out in the next two sections.

Results and findings of the selected studies

The results of the selected papers extracted from 38 journals have been shown in the following pages, among them 24 were Pakistani Journals and 14 were international journals. The analysis of the selected papers shows that CG-related variables are linked mostly with firm financial performance, firm value, cost of capital, dividend policy, risk taking and earnings management. In Table 4, which shows the X-Category Journals shows the results of 39 papers from 2009 to 2020. Table 4 shows that 13 out of 39 papers were linked with firm performance or firm value, 6 papers are between earnings management and CG, 3 papers show the relationship of CG with capital Structure, 2 papers are on the of dividend policy and similarly of cash holdings. The analysis of these studies shows that the majority studies used the Agency Theory in their theoretical framework and the data period is ranging for the period of 2002 to 2017.

Table 4 Corporate Governance-related studies with related variables in the HEC Recognized X-Category Journals

In Table 5, the results of 47 papers of Y-Category Journals are given from 2008 to 2020. In these studies, 4 studies are linked with earnings management, 12 are linked with firm performance, and 6 studies are linked with dividend policy. The cost of capital is linked in 4 paper with CG. In addition to this, 5 papers are linking risk taking with CG, and some papers are linking CG with working capital management, corporate tax avoidance, corporate social responsibility and unexpected stock returns. Moreover, agency theory is used in most of the studies in order to check its relationship with other variables.

Table 5 Corporate Governance-related studies with related variables in the HEC Recognized Y-Category Journals

In Table 6, the results of Z-Category Journals are given which shows the findings of 6 studies from 2013 to 2019. In these studies, two studies show the findings of firm performance with CG-related variables, two studies are linking dividend policy with CG. In addition to this, two studies are linking CG with the market rate of returns and financial distress. Moreover, agency theory is used in most of the studies in order to check its relationship with other variables.

Table 6 Corporate Governance-related studies with related variables in the HEC Recognized Z-Category Journals

The results of the HEC Research Repository are depicted in Table 7, in this Table 17 theses are evaluated in order to achieve the objective of this study. The findings show that most of the theses used the CG theories in the Pakistani context such as agency theory, stakeholder theory, stewardship theory and some dividend policy-related theories. The time period of these theses is from 2009 to 2019. Most of the studies linked CG-related variables with firm performance, cash holdings, earnings management, cost of capital, capital structure, CSR, financial decision and investment efficiency. In addition to CG variables, group affiliation variable is linked in a few studies such as tunneling and related party transitions. Similar to the above discussion in these theses, most of the theses have linked CG with firm financial performance and firm value.

Table 7 Corporate Governance-related studies with related variables in the HEC Research Repository

In addition to HEC recognized journals and HEC Research Repository, the third source which is utilized in this study is Google Scholar. In Table 8, fifteen selected papers is given which is included after the elimination and deletion of similar studies. The studies period is from 2009 to 2020. In these studies, the dependent and independent variables are quite different as compared to the previous tables. Here in these tables CG, group affiliation, EM and political connections variables are used as independent variables which are not evident in the other tables as shown in the study.

Table 8 Corporate Governance-related studies with related variables in the Google Scholar

The results and presentation of the selected studies is given in the above mentioned tables, these tables include author and study period, dependent and independent variables, sample and data period, key findings of the studies(theses) and in the last column, the theory which is used in the study is given.

Discussion

The objectives of this paper are to assess and consolidate the extant research about CG and related topics in Pakistan, and to examine the research trends in the CG-related studies and issues from 2002 to 2020 in Pakistan. So in order to achieve the objectives of the study, this review paper starts with the HEC recognized Pakistani Journals at the first stage and we have reviewed 35 Journals, from these journals the related paper has been extracted these are mentioned in Table 2, in the second stage Google Scholar a bibliographic database and largest academic articles database [8] searches out to find and analyze the related studies, this result 15 related studies starting from 2009 to 2020 in the 14 international journals. Moreover, the first decade of twenty first century in Pakistan is the decade of establishing and launching different management sciences and social sciences journals, the first study was traced back to 2008 in which [16] linked CG characteristics with capital structure decisions. This indicates that Pakistani research journals were starting operating and promoting research in business, finance and other social sciences fields. In addition to this, the second decade of the twenty first century is the decade of budding the CG and related topics research in the Pakistani journals.

Features of the reviewed papers

In this study, a set of 108 research papers and 17 theses has been reviewed. The descriptive details of articles reviewed are given in Table 9, the most articles have been picked up from Y-category journals while less are taken from Z-category journals. The analysis of this review shows that the majority of the study has empirical in nature except for five studies which are literature reviews or qualitative studies [26, 42, 74, 98, 132]. Most of the studies targeting non-financial firms of PSX, utilized a secondary source of data and using agency theory. In addition to this, the sample size of the most of the studies are too small ranging from 10 to 170 listed financial and non-financial firms of PSX. Moreover, 42 articles have used only one theory, 12 articles/theses have been used two theories while 14 articles/theses have been used more than two theories. Additionally, 58 articles/theses did not apply or mention any theory while 52 articles/theses used the agency theory, 3 articles/theses have been used resource dependence theory, 3 articles/theses have been used Stakeholder and 3 articles/theses have been used Stewardship theory. Furthermore, we have made the analysis of the findings, from this analysis different CG themes and subthemes have been emerged. The details of CG themes and subthemes are given in the following paragraphs.

Table 9 Descriptive details of reviewed articles/theses

Corporate governance and related studies

The CG (aggregate) is the first major and most used theme in this study. The CG is linked with 65 studies with diverse types of dependent variables in this review study. The researcher has used CG as an aggregate of ownership structure and board structure proxies. Moreover, the researcher in the Pakistani context linked CG with firm performance in 22 studies but the findings are inconclusive [20, 70, 82, 124], with EM in 13 studies [19, 65, 66, 73, 107, 122], with firm risk in 5 studies [35, 98, 136, 143,144,145], with Cash Holding in 4 studies, [24, 25, 116], with CSR in 3 studies [46, 51, 110] and with other topics in 18 studies [16, 26, 31, 36, 71, 79, 99, 108, 115].

Ownership structure and related studies

The ownership structure is one of the important elements of CG. Pakistan is famous for its concentrated ownership structure. The majority of the firms in Pakistan are family owned and have concentrated ownership [17, 58]. The second theme which is generated from this review paper is ownership structure. The findings of this review show that ownership structure-related studies mainly revolves around the firm performance mainly financial performance [45, 68, 70, 78, 147, 148, 150]. In addition to this, some studies link ownership structure with EM [37, 73, 110], dividend policy [18, 33, 80, 88, 109, 127], cash holdings [77] and other related topics [41, 52, 55, 87, 125, 128, 135]. Ownership themes that emerged from this review paper are family ownership, excess ownership, institutional ownership and managerial/director ownership.

Board structure and board characteristics

The highest decision making and supervisory body in the companies’ management hierarchy is the board of directors, and it is one of the most important element of CG for monitoring and supervision the management. In this review paper, 18 studies have been related to board structure and board of directors’ characteristics. The findings show that four studies linked board-related variables with dividend policy [18, 23, 33, 127] & five studies with firm performance [21, 27, 93, 106, 126] while three studies linked it with EM [119, 149, 160]. Moreover, other studies linked it with cash holding, financial distress, working capital, CSR and Banks efficiency etc. [29, 97, 114, 133, 146, 154]. Moreover, from this review paper following subthemes of board of directors such as CEO Duality, Gender diversity, Executive Compensation, Board Composition, Audit Committee and, Board of directors &CEO characteristics have been emerged.

The controlling shareholders and pyramidal ownership

In addition to the abovementioned themes of CG, the findings of this study show that, the following additional themes are also emerged such as controlling shareholders and pyramidal ownership (business groups’ affiliations). In the 13 studies, the controlling shareholders’ ownership and pyramidal ownership have been linked with firm performance [17, 48, 147, 148, 152], tunneling [56, 57, 141], earnings manipulations [37], dividend policy[44], related party transactions [141, 143,144,145], capital structure[95] and cash holding [85, 86]. Moreover, the findings of the studies show that controlling shareholders’ relationship with firm performance is inclusive and mixed [17, 151]. Moreover, Hussain [56] added that in concentrated firms there are a huge amount of related party transactions. In addition to this, Bhutta et al. [37] reported that pyramidal ownership is positively related to EM while [95] added that 85 percent of pyramidal ownership firms used debt to run business in Pakistan.

Theoretical underpinning and linked theories

The findings of this study show that there are several theories have been used in the field of CG with related dependent variables. The most used theory during the period of 2002–2020 is the agency theory, which is used in 65% of this review study. Agency theory has been adopted in 52 studies which are quantitative in nature, linking it with firm performance [28, 47, 67, 94, 118, 130, 138] typically the researcher tried to link it with confit of interest hypothesis which arises due to separation of ownership and control [43, 72]. Additionally, the agency theory has been applied to the topics of earnings management [19, 42, 63, 73, 75, 89, 107] and financial reporting quality [119, 129] to check the board of directors monitoring and controlling role over the companies’ management. Moreover, the researchers have also linked the agency theory with dividend policy and related party transactions [32, 37, 56, 109, 127] to check it with Type II Agency Problem in the concentrated ownership firms. In addition to this, some research studies have linked agency theory with cost of equity and cash holdings [24, 25, 50, 137]. Moreover, in 2008 to 2016 period most of the studies have used either agency theory or did not explicitly apply any theory or their theoretical framework in their studies. Additionally, about 10% (8) studies have used packing order theory [98, 122], trade off theory [109, 122], stakeholder theory [25, 135, 138], and stewardship theory [101] along with agency theory.

Furthermore, in the period of 2008 to 2016, the literature relied mostly on agency theory, then on other theories such as trade off theory, stakeholder theory and stewardship theory. However, in the last four years of this review study data period, a significant number of theories have been applied by the researchers in the literature. Moreover, the most used theory from the period of 2017 to 2020 is agency theory about 39% (31) researchers have used the agency theory perspective in their studies [20, 36, 44, 54, 126, 147, 148] linking with firm financial performance, earnings manipulation, cost of equity and cash holding, etc., In addition to this, a combination of agency and other theory such as stewardship theory, upper echelon theory, stakeholder theory, resource dependence theory, signaling theory and other theories have been applied in 12 quantitative studies, which count about 15 percent of total studies. Furthermore, a resource dependence theory is applied with agency theory in the study of [146], to examine that board is an effective resource in handling corporate cash holdings, the stewardship theory is linked along with agency theory on EM [63, 90, 92]. In addition to this, the upper echelon theory is used along with agency theory and contingency theory to check the features of top female directors/management on firm performance & risk taking [97]; moreover, information asymmetry theory is used along with agency theory to link it with dividend smoothing [23]. Additionally, the studies of  [29, 62, 90, 92] have used stakeholder theory along with agency theory in different research perspectives such as CSR, earnings quality and earnings manipulation. Also, there are a limited number of studies that have used other theories such as positive accounting theory [91], gender socialization theory [149], socioeconomic wealth [129] and signaling theory [61]. However, during the period of 2017 to 2020, there are 27 studies which are about 34 percent of the total studies, did not have any explicit and clear theoretical framework or theory used in their studies.

The Corporate Governance Research Trends in Pakistan

The findings of this study show two research trends of CG in Pakistan, one is from 2008 to 2016 and the second is from 2017 to 2020. The first CG research trend which is from the period of 2008 to 2016 focuses on the studies which have linked CG with firm performance, dividend policy, cost of capital, capital structure and earnings manipulation. In addition to this, in terms of the research design, most of the studies have employed the quantitative research design and tested the relationship among different variables empirically. Moreover, most of the studies utilized the secondary sources of the data and most often have very small sample size of both financial and non-financial companies of PSX. In terms of theory used in a particular paper or thesis majority of the studies carried out their research under one specific theory which is in most of the cases the agency theory. Surprisingly, the findings of this review study also reported that 31 studies in the first trend of CG in Pakistan which is ranging from 2008 to 2016 did not explicitly adopt any theoretical framework to carry out their research objectives. Additionally, two studies [26, 98] are qualitative in nature the former is a literature review paper focusing on CG issues in Pakistan and the latter is a systematic review linking CG with firm risk in financial institutions.

The second research trend of CG which is ranging from the period of 2017 to 2020.This research trend is more advance in terms of theories used, research methodology employed, sample size handled and CG issues tackled. The findings of this review show that in the second CG research trends the topic of CG is linked with multiple burning and contemporary issues such as risk taking, tunneling, CSR, investment portfolios, board-related issues, financial distress, investment efficiency and much more as compared to the first CG research trend in which the traditionally typical topics have been empirically investigated. Moreover, the findings show that most of the studies are empirical in nature, utilizing a secondary source of data and representing the study under different CG and finance-related theories. However, there are two studies that are qualitative in nature, in one study CG is linked with firm performance and the authors[74] provided a descriptive evidence on that in a detail literature review manner; moreover, [132] made an attempt via a qualitative data analysis method that how political connections may help the financing strategies of companies’ to build enterprise. In addition to this, the sample period of the second research trend is richer and representative in both financial and non-financial firms as compared to the first CG research trend. Furthermore, the studies in of the recent past show specific elements of CG such as the board of directors, CEO characteristics, gender diversity, specific ownership type, pyramidal ownership, and some other variables such as affiliation with group or bank, product market competition, disclosure and political connection, etc.

Future prospects

The findings of this study show that aggregate CG is linked and tested with diverse topics, but there is a lack of research related to CG and its impact on Research & Development, Innovation, Marketing strategies, Operational efficiency, Institutional shareholders investment and CG characteristics in family owned and non-family owned businesses. Furthermore, as we know that ownership structure is one of the most important element of CG, ownership structure determines the agency problem, the review of this paper shows that agency problem has not been clearly investigated in the Pakistani context which is famous for family owned businesses and ownership concentrations. Therefore, agency problems especially the Type II Agency Problem must be tackled by the future researchers. Moreover, as we have documented that a bundle of studies in this paper linked CG with firm performance (financial performance) and non-financial performance and corporate social performance is missing in the literature so future studies should focus on this issue too. Additionally, there are State Owned Enterprises (hereafter, SOEs) in Pakistan, and research on it is quite limited; therefore, future researchers may focus on SOEs performance, its governance issues, the role of political connections & CG in SOEs and the impact of SOEs on economy and society. In addition to this, the board of directors is also one of the important element of CG, as we have shown that board characteristics is mostly linked with firm performance and EM examining the monitoring role of the board of directors; however, studies on the advisory role of the board is missing; therefore, future researchers may consider it to address this empirical gap. Moreover, future studies may investigate the questions such as that how the board of directors affects corporate decisions, what are their roles in different types of organizations especially in family and public sectors organizations and what is the impact of independent, and more diverse boards on firm social and non-financial performance. Moreover, future researchers may focus on the issues of executive compensations especially CEO’s, CSR and qualitative research focusing on CG and related variables. Furthermore, as discussed in the previous section that most of the articles have not applied any theoretical framework, thus future scholars are advised through this research study to link-related theories in their research questions to increase the quality of their research. Additionally, the agency issues in concentrated and pyramidal ownership firms is unexplored future researchers may implement research agenda on this side as well. Moreover, the future discussion may be for the future scholars to study the published papers other than two streams, financial and non-financial as well as the multidimensional study and the study of the CG variables meta-analysis with a large sample can be a strong contribution and impact. Finally, future researchers if wanted to write a review paper may consider other Citation databases such as Web of Science, JSTOR, SCOPUS and Science Direct.⁶

Conclusion

The objectives of the study were to research the trends of CG in Pakistan after the promulgation of CCG in Pakistan, to accumulate, consolidate and analyze a stock of CG-related research and give potential CG researchers pathways for future research on CG and associated topics. A systematic literature review approach is adopted in order to achieve the objectives of the study. After a thorough review of 328 volumes of HEC recognized social sciences journals, 93 papers were extracted covering the topics of firm performance, dividend policy, cost of capital and capital structure and earnings manipulation in most of the papers. Moreover, 15 research articles were extracted from the international journals via researching through google scholar, in addition to these research articles, 17 research theses have been analyzed in this review paper downloaded from the HEC Research Repository. In this review paper, 108 research articles have been analyzed consisting of 104 empirical studies, on diverse CG topics from 24 local HEC recognized journals and 14 international journals. The findings of this study show that one article is a systematic review, three articles were non-empirical (descriptive) and 104 were empirical papers along with 17 Ph.D. research theses. In addition to this, this review study has explored various theories that have been applied with agency theory is the most used theoretical framework. Furthermore, through the analysis of this paper four board themes of related to CG has been identified, such as aggregate CG, ownership structure variables, board structure variables and the controlling and pyramidal ownerships. Moreover, through this review paper, two CG research trends have been identified and discussed. The first research trend of CG shows that from 2008–2016 mostly papers link CG with firm performance, dividend policy, cost of capital, capital structure and earnings manipulation; however, in the second research trend which is ranging from 2017 to 2020 shows some emerging issues such as the characteristics of board of directors, ownership structure types more specifically family ownership and issues related with the separation of ownership and control, board diversity, CEO characteristics, client importance in family businesses, CSR, financial distress and much more. Moreover, the findings of this review paper reported that the most used theory in CG research trends is agency theory which is about 65 percent of total reviewed studies; additionally, the other most used theory is resource dependence theory, stakeholder theory and stewardship. By achieving the objectives of this systematic review study, it has contributed a comprehensive CG knowledge to existing CG literature focusing on Pakistan by filling the identified gap of this study.

Limitation of the study

This review paper synthesized systematically a stock of CG-related studies to provide opportunities for research scholars, policymakers and practitioners to get benefit from it. Similarly, like other studies, this review paper has some limitations. Firstly, the keywords used in this review paper are limited due to the scope of the study. Secondly, the time period of this research study is from 2002 to 2020, which may be a potential limitation that needs to be addressed by the future researchers. Thirdly, we have used only google scholar a bibliographic database and the largest academic articles database [8] to search the CG-related papers focusing on the Pakistani context, while the world renowned academic articles databases such as Web of Science, SCOPUS and Science Direct are skipped in this research study due to the accessibility issues.