Table 5 Results of estimates of the effects of corruption on the share of expenditure in %GDP [13]

corrup

0.478**

−0.911***

2.285**

0.141

−0.153

0.384**

−0.00387

20.952*

(0.364)

(0.562)

(1.302)

(0.106)

(0.0956)

(0.363)

(0.0179)

−11.043

Pop_grow

−1.251***

−1.978**

−2.624**

−0.0474

−0.400***

−0.858***

−0.0330***

−15.753*

(0.318)

(0.728)

(0.978)

(0.0344)

(0.0552)

(0.121)

(0.0110)

−8.384

GDP_grow

0.0673

0.0439

0.151

−0.00647

−0.00771

0.00844

0.00188

1.178

(0.0544)

(0.0507)

(0.191)

(0.0103)

(0.00844)

(0.0477)

(0.00308)

−1.379

infla

−0.00859**

−0.00941**

−0.0176*

−0.00106*

−0.00215***

−0.00821***

0.00709***

−118.3

(0.00319)

(0.00358)

(0.00886)

(0.000589)

(0.000665)

(0.00233)

(0.00210)

(71.50)

kh_BLE

0.0826***

−0.0234

0.244**

−0.0187**

0.0301***

0.0944***

−0.00272

2.078***

(0.0279)

(0.0338)

(0.0929)

(0.00692)

(0.0103)

(0.0135)

(0.00282)

(550.6)

FBCF

−0.0681**

0.0132

−0.231***

0.00823

−0.00952

−0.0752***

0.00322*

−1.663***

(0.0251)

(0.0305)

(0.0752)

(0.00550)

(0.00659)

(0.00750)

(0.00170)

(429.6)

Ouverture

0.0140**

0.0203***

0.0169

−0.000615

0.000231

0.00381

−2.00e−05

83.18

(0.00613)

(0.00696)

(0.0138)

(0.00116)

(0.00101)

(0.00531)

(0.000309)

(81.09)

rente_res

−0.0296*

−0.0149

−0.0944*

0.0170***

0.0110

−0.0294***

0.00666***

−780.4*

(0.0144)

(0.0272)

(0.0529)

(0.00269)

(0.00850)

(0.00961)

(0.00170)

(407.4)

Constant

4.495***

10.82**

7.692***

0.851**

2.122***

4.165***

−0.00714

17.932*

(1.223)

(3.878)

(1.882)

(0.398)

(0.394)

(0.911)

(0.0370)

−10.391

Observations

462

462

462

336

401

386

269

625

R-squared

0.103

0.056

0.116

0.064

0.279

0.198

0.468

0.111

Number of groups

21

21

21

18

19

20

17

29