Table 2 Results of corruption impact estimates in %GDP (GMM in system)

Corrup

0.386*

−1.222**

0.928***

0.1365*

0.0235**

−0.0377

−0.0894

2.349*

(0.202)

(0.514)

(0.330)

(0.047)

(0.124)

(0.0278)

(0.0938)

(1.258)

Pop_grow

−0.628***

−0.385

−0.478*

−0.0262

−0.0163

0.00623

−3.027**

(0.183)

(0.418)

(0.286)

(0.0376)

(0.0544)

(0.0119)

(1.181)

Gdp

0.0270

0.0103

0.0255

0.000950

−0.00488

−0.00181

−0.0132*

−503.7***

(0.0328)

(0.0804)

(0.0539)

(0.00730)

(0.00888)

(0.00247)

(0.00749)

(190.3)

Infla

−0.00833

−0.00687

−0.00728

0.000770

−0.00282

0.000377

−0.00166

(0.00636)

(0.0148)

(0.00986)

(0.00197)

(0.00174)

(0.000863)

(0.00144)

L.hl_ptgdp

0.390***

(0.0360)

L.edu_ptgdp

0.180**

(0.0744)

L.def_ptgdp

0.838***

(0.0263)

L.fuel_ptgdp

0.872***

(0.0305)

L.trn_ptgdp

0.970***

(0.0170)

con_pouv

0.0256

0.0255

−0.0467

(0.111)

(0.0244)

(0.0938)

L.com_ptgd

0.699***

(0.0465)

L.min_ptgdp

0.769***

(0.0423)

APD

0.000114

−4.095

(0.000454)

(18.29)

rent_res

0.0107***

(0.00324)

L.tot_ptgdp

0.652***

(0.0256)

kh_BLE

−2.033

(98.18)

Constant

1.861***

8.039***

−0.919

−0.0643

0.0301

0.0737*

0.454**

4.293

(0.645)

(1.768)

(0.999)

(0.125)

(0.165)

(0.0402)

(0.211)

(4.375)

AR2

0.894

0.865

0.346

0.245

0.110

0.529

0.157

0.734

Sargan/Hansen

0.741

0.988

0.989

0.987

0.997

0.999

0.967

0.302

Observations

567

567

567

423

471

357

403

691

Number of ID

27

27

27

23

25

22

20

33