Table 1 Discussions on entrepreneurial attributes during the COVID-19 pandemic
From: Striving for a life out of shadows: informal entrepreneurial dynamics in time of crisis
Entrepreneurial categories | Discussions on entrepreneurial resilience “ER”, orientation “EO” and intention “EI” | Supportive and inferred policy | Impacts on entrepreneurial lifecycles “EL” | Other research |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SMEs and large | (EO): “The results of this study indicate that SMEs hit by the pandemic should avoid retrenchment strategies. They might have better chances of success if they embrace their vulnerability and take risks to foster growth”. [67, p. 1369] | “…policy interventions that aim to improve economic recovery could pay special attention to the needs of women enterprises, just as other economic policies emphasize the needs of small and medium enterprises” [16, p. 1393] | “SMEs are found to navigate survival, continuity and growth by drawing from their resourcefulness and firm-level strategies to cope with the new opportunities and constraints.” [82, p. 497] | Foss [36], González-Tejero et al. [41], Klein and Todesco [53], Eggers [32] |
Small and family business | (ER): “It is because of resilience that they can see an opportunity in chaos and survive uncertain times” [103, p. 153] | “The short-term measures of the governments have succeeded in relieving the pressure on entrepreneurs to some degree.” [103, p. 156] | “Results from fsQCA with the same data set show that firms’ business agility and OIC are necessary conditions for SMEs’ survival strategies.” [84, p. 1] | |
Micro-enterprise | (EI): “In the interviews, the managers of micro-sized enterprises reported that the pandemic had increased their workload and forced them to mobilize strategies for enterprise survival.” [106], p. 1) | “Although our suggested policy recommendations may not be sufficient to help MSMEs go through the ongoing crisis, these measures will help them weather the storm.” [95], p. 1) | “…the proposed theoretical framework provides a roadmap and guide to examine, understand and assimilate the entrepreneurial journey through a devastating event.” [18], p. 799) | UNDP [104] |
Survivalist enterprise; informal businesses; and micro-enterprise | “There are considerable short- and long-term implications of the pandemic for informal employment and the informal economy. ….Government policies supporting work safety, income security, moves to formalization of employment and fairness for informal employees are particularly important.” [108, p. 1005] | “Our findings suggest that COVID-19 has led to a loss of income for sex workers, leading to a worsening of social and health conditions for sex workers. A lack of access to government relief among sex workers exacerbated such conditions.” [101, p. A22] | “For the measures of physical distancing to take effect, it is necessary to implement public policies that provide subsistence conditions for individuals who are below the poverty line, i.e., those mostly working in the informal sector.” [90, p. 89] | Belitski et al. [14], Laing et al. [56], Narula [75], Hossain [44], Swarna et al. [100], Durst et al. [31], ILO [48] |