Table 5 Board gender diversity and accrual earnings management

L.AEM

0.061***

0.027***

0.067***

0.032***

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

BRDDIV

0.064***

− 0.037***

− 0.033***

− 0.020*

(0.014)

(0.010)

(0.008)

(0.010)

ROA

− 0.005

0.116***

− 0.143***

0.056

(0.043)

(0.037)

(0.038)

(0.057)

ROE

− 0.017

− 0.034

0.075***

− 0.054

(0.024)

(0.022)

(0.014)

(0.034)

LIQ

0.001*

− 0.002

0.000

− 0.003***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

LEV

− 0.062***

− 0.025***

− 0.035***

− 0.042***

(0.015)

(0.009)

(0.013)

(0.011)

GEAR

0.019***

0.012***

0.009*

0.008*

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.004)

FIRMSIZER

0.015***

0.020***

− 0.015***

0.020***

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

ASSTAN

0.054***

0.003

0.017***

0.003

(0.009)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.007)

OC

− 0.013***

− 0.022***

0.015***

− 0.019***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.005)

EMFLEX

0.070***

0.006

− 0.007

− 0.002

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.007)

(0.013)

Constant

− 0.069***

0.007

0.002

− 0.007

(0.017)

(0.014)

(0.008)

(0.018)

Observations

936

936

936

936

Number of firms

78

78

78

78

Number of instruments

78

77

78

76

AR (1) test (p value)

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

AR (2) test (p value)

0.402

0.971

0.248

0.470

Hansen test (p value)

0.323

0.416

0.401

0.357