Table 8 Dumitrescu and Hurlin Granger non-causality test outcomes
Null hypothesis | W-Stat | Zbar-Stat | Prob | Causality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
lnP \(\ne >\) lnED | 9.008 | 9.382 | 0.000 | Yes |
lnED \(\ne >\) lnP | 23.004 | 28.643 | 0.000 | Yes |
lnA \(\ne >\) lnED | 6.213 | 5.535 | 0.000 | Yes |
lnED \(\ne >\) lnA | 7.959 | 8.058 | 0.000 | Yes |
lnT \(\ne >\) lnED | 2.568 | 0.519 | 0.604 | No |
lnED \(\ne >\) lnT | 4.535 | 3.227 | 0.001 | Yes |
lnBSD \(\ne >\) lnED | 7.569 | 7.401 | 0.000 | Yes |
lnED \(\ne >\) lnBSD | 1.761 | − 0.591 | 0.555 | No |