Table 5 Augmented gravity model results

LnGDPi

0.735***

(0.31)

0.896***

(0.02)

0.895***

(0.02)

0.905***

(0.02)

0.901***

(0.02)

0.597***

(0.03)

0.596***

(0.03)

LnGDPj

0.837***

(0.02)

0.803***

(0.02)

0.814***

(0.02)

0.825***

(0.02)

0.813***

(0.02)

0.420***

(0.02)

0.419***

(0.02)

LnDIS

− 0.567***

(0.07)

− 0.799***

(0.05)

− 0.799***

(0.05)

− 0.814***

(0.05)

− 0.818***

(0.05)

LnPCGDPD

0.156***

(0.02)

Contig

0.702***

(0.09)

0.201***

(0.07)

0.228***

(0.08)

0.234***

(0.07)

0.221***

(0.07)

Comlang

0.731***

(0.07)

0.747***

(0.06)

0.752***

(0.06)

0.777***

(0.05)

0.772***

(0.06)

RTAij

− 0.708***

(0.08)

RTAi

0.481***

(0.05)

0.536***

(0.05)

RTAj

0.368***

(0.05)

0.415***

(0.06)

InstwiRTA

0.682***

(0.12)

InstwjRTA

0.668***

(0.06)

Instwj

3.229***

(0.48)

Instwi

1.275***

(0.41)

Wald test

 = 3365.41

Prob > chi2

 = 0.0000

 = 3558.81

Prob > chi2

 = 0.0000

 = 3589.95

Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

 = 4600.64

Prob > chi2

 = 0.0000

 = 3725.68

Prob > chi2

 = 0.0000

 = 5347.21

Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

 = 6518.69 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Constant

− 15.95***

(1.26)

− 15.31***

(0.72)

− 15.57***

(0.72)

− 16.11***

(0.68)

− 15.64***

(0.72)

− 22.39***

(0.54)

− 22.39***

(0.54)

Exporter fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Importer fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Country pair fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Observations

5085

9954

9954

9954

9954

10,498

10,498