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Table 7 Regression

From: Moderating effect of vertical integration on the relationship between sustainability and performance: evidence from oil and gas energy sector

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

Variables

WC

WC

WC

ESG

− 0.001***

− 0.002***

− 0.002***

(− 2.59)

(− 3.55)

(− 3.54)

ESG*VI

0.001***

0.001***

0.001***

(3.00)

(3.64)

(3.65)

FS

0.017***

0.016***

0.016***

(2.86)

(2.99)

(2.95)

DR

− 0.168***

− 0.164***

− 0.164***

(− 6.48)

(− 6.85)

(− 6.86)

FA

0.006

0.005

0.005

(0.95)

(1.00)

(0.99)

RSP

0.794***

0.841***

0.840***

(4.15)

(4.89)

(4.89)

VOLT

− 0.474***

− 0.518***

− 0.519***

(− 4.20)

(− 5.02)

(− 5.02)

RRR

0.032**

  

(2.29)

  

OP

 

0.001**

 
 

(2.04)

 

OD

  

− 0.104

  

(− 0.45)

Constant

− 0.002

− 0.012

1.467

(− 0.04)

(− 0.19)

(0.46)

Observations

520

581

581

Year & country fix

Yes

Yes

Yes

Adj R2

0.408

0.399

0.399

F-stat

18.11

20.74

19.63

  1. All variable definitions are available in “Appendix A”.
  2. *, **, and *** show significance at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively