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Table 6 Regression

From: Moderating effect of vertical integration on the relationship between sustainability and performance: evidence from oil and gas energy sector

Variables

(1)

(2)

(3)

WC

WC

WC

SOC

− 0.001***

  

(− 3.55)

  

SOC*VI

0.001***

  

(3.32)

  

ENV

 

− 0.002***

 
 

(− 3.92)

 

ENV*VI

 

0.001***

 
 

(3.13)

 

GOV

  

− 0.001**

  

(− 2.56)

GOV*VI

  

0.001***

  

(4.41)

FS

0.016***

0.020***

0.009**

(3.15)

(3.66)

(2.20)

DR

− 0.163***

− 0.162***

− 0.162***

(− 6.79)

(− 6.76)

(− 6.73)

FA

0.005

0.006

0.003

(0.99)

(1.09)

(0.60)

RSP

0.842***

0.857***

0.828***

(4.89)

(4.98)

(4.83)

VOLT

− 0.522***

− 0.532***

− 0.504***

(− 5.04)

(− 5.15)

(− 4.91)

Constant

0.042

0.013

0.081**

(0.92)

(0.27)

(1.97)

Observations

581

581

581

Year & country fix

Yes

Yes

Yes

Adj R2

0.397

0.397

0.401

F-stat

20.54

20.59

20.93

  1. All variable definitions are available in “Appendix A”
  2. *, **, and *** show significance at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively