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Table 5 Main regression

From: Moderating effect of vertical integration on the relationship between sustainability and performance: evidence from oil and gas energy sector

Variables

(1)

(2)

(3)

WoC

WC

Cluster

ESG

− 0.001*

− 0.002***

− 0.002***

(− 1.91)

(− 3.55)

(− 3.57)

ESG*VI

0.002***

0.001***

0.001***

(5.30)

(3.64)

(4.07)

FS

 

0.016***

0.016**

 

(2.99)

(2.62)

DR

 

− 0.164***

− 0.164**

 

(− 6.85)

(− 2.44)

FA

 

0.005

0.005

 

(1.00)

(1.06)

RSP

 

0.841***

0.841***

 

(4.89)

(3.18)

VOLT

 

− 0.518***

− 0.518***

 

(− 5.02)

(− 2.77)

Constant

− 0.001

0.044

0.044

(− 0.03)

(0.95)

(0.80)

Observations

585

581

581

Year & country fix

Yes

Yes

Yes

Adj R2

0.236

0.399

0.399

F-stat

13.56

20.74

19.77

  1. All variable definitions are available in “Appendix A”
  2. *, **, and *** show significance at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively