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Table 2 Unit root tests

From: Input subsidies, public investments and agricultural productivity in India

Variables

ADF

KPSS

Level

1st difference

Level

1st difference

LAGRY

− 0.80

− 11.22***

0.72

0.28***

LPUBI

− 0.25

− 5.04***

0.37

0.44***

LTOT

− 0.37

− 4.27***

0.64

0.11***

LAINPS

− 3.44**

− 4.31***

0.68

0.39***

LFERS

− 2.37

− 5.38***

0.69

0.19***

LIRRS

− 2.22

− 5.07***

0.57

0.17***

LPOWS

− 4.93***

− 3.7***

0.61

0.58***

  1. For KPSS test, asymptotic critical values are taken from Kwiatkowski et al. ([16], Table 1). Andrews (automatic) bandwidth are selected for optimal number of bandwidths using Bartlett Kernel spectral estimation method. Some values are not reported so as to avoid redundancy
  2. ***, ** means rejection of null hypothesis at 1% and 5% level of significance respectively
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