Table 1 Previous studies related to TPB, eWOM, social media use and behavioral intention
S. no. | Author/s (Year) | Purpose | Nation | Sample (n) | Theory/ Concept | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Azhar, Ali, et al. [13] | To analyze the role that eWOM plays in determining revisit intention to a destination after COVID-19 by employing TPB | India | 301 | TPB | The results show that eWOM, DI, AT, SN and PBC all have a favorable and substantial effect on tourists’ revisit intention after COVID-19 |
2. | Fan et al. [40] | To assess how people’s patterns of travel altered during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to study the theoretical elements that may have contributed to such changes | China | 1423 (Quantitative Surveys) and 34 (Qualitative Interviews) | TPB | This research demonstrates that COVID-19 altered respondents’ travel choices in a variety of ways, such as a preference for outdoor, natural and uncrowded sites over indoor, cultural and crowded ones |
3. | Khan et al. [87] | To study the relationship between digital marketing strategies and ecotourism behavior, which was focused on community development, environmental education and the conservation of natural places | Pakistan | 384 | TPB | The research tested and concluded the relationship between digital marketing strategies and ecotourism behavior. The findings concluded that the use of digital marketing strategy to encourage ecotourism among tourists visiting tourist destinations in Pakistan |
4. | Sujood et al. [125] | To explore the traveler’s intention to travel during the Coronavirus-19 outbreak by employing the TPB model | India | 417 | TPB | The findings indicate that subjective norm has no substantial impact on tourists’ behavioral intention during the COVID-19 period, but attitude, PBC and perceived risk do |
5. | Shang et al. [120] | To determine how information exposure affects tourists’ intentions to visit rural destinations in emerging economies | Pakistan | 1663 | TPB | It was found that SN mediated the effect of information dissemination on tourist intentions. The social media perspective further reinforced the connection between information dissemination and SN |
6. | Javed et al. [80] | To investigate how social media affects tourists’ behavior and destination selection | Czech Republic | 261 | TPB | According to the findings, social media use affects travelers’ behavior and travel plans (the direct and indirect effect is substantial) |
7. | Hussein et al. [76] | To examine the effect of a few variables on visitors’ inclination to revisit previously explored tourist hotspots | Egypt | 373 | TPB | The findings reveal that AT, SN and PBC are eWOM favorably affected by eWOM and that tourists’ satisfaction positively promotes their desire to revisit |
8. | Moorthy et al. [109] | To investigate how young Malaysians use social media for domestic trip planning | Malaysia | 301 | TPB and TAM | The findings exhibit that young people in Malaysia are increasingly turning to social media to plan and book domestic vacations, and eWOM is a major motivator for this trend |
9. | Soliman [122] | To develop an expanded version of TPB in order to forecast visitors’ intention to return to Egypt | Egypt | 302 | TPB | The study revealed that travel motivation and eWOM, in addition to the core TPB variables, have a favorable and significant impact on tourists’ intention to revisit |
10. | Ramdan et al. [117] | To analyze how eWOM affects travel intention, attitude toward a location and destination image | Indonesia | 167 | TPB | It can be concluded that destination image and travel intention are strongly affected by eWOM |