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Table 3 Types of services

From: Mapping circular economy principles and servitisation approach in business model canvas: an integrated literature review

Base services

These are basic/core services offered by manufacturing firms

Example: a machine tool or related part with the product

Intermediate services

These include services related to repair and maintenance services offered with the product

The involvement of the service provider/manufacturer is relatively more than the base service offerings

Advanced services

The revenue stream of advanced services is associated with usage and penalties through a contractual agreement agreeing to share the rewards and risks associated with products