Table 6 Quantile Granger causality (QGC) test
From: COVID-19 and FDI nexus in Pakistan: fresh evidence from QARDL and time-varying casualty techniques
Quantiles | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||||||||
\(ND_{t} toFDI_{t}\) | 12.43*** | 19.55*** | 9.64*** | 11.64*** | 13.08*** | 15.14*** | 18.07*** | 13.55*** | 10.64*** |
\(EXR_{t} to FDI_{t}\) | 18.12*** | 7.76*** | 8.64*** | 2.65 | 1.76 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 12.46*** | 19.63*** |
\(EPI_{t} to FDI_{t}\) | 15.64*** | 17.06*** | 13.77*** | 14.88*** | 18.45*** | 9.54*** | 17.32*** | 22.70*** | 24.02*** |
Model 2 | |||||||||
\(NC_{t} toFDI_{t}\) | 13.00*** | 10.11*** | 8.03*** | 8.60*** | 12.02*** | 15.55*** | 17.12*** | 9.55*** | 15.23*** |
\(EXR_{t} to FDI_{t}\) | 2.21 | 2.04 | 0.88 | 1.08 | 1.60 | 6.90*** | 12.30*** | 12.81*** | 16.56*** |
\(EPI_{t} to FDI_{t}\) | 10.04*** | 11.23*** | 13.43*** | 15.45*** | 11.40*** | 14.63*** | 20.06*** | 19.50*** | 24.14*** |