From: COVID-19 and FDI nexus in Pakistan: fresh evidence from QARDL and time-varying casualty techniques
 | Panel A: Dependent variable = New deaths | Panel B: Dependent variable = New cases | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part A | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Quantiles | Constant | ECM | Long-run estimates | Constant | ECM | Long-run estimates | ||||
 | \(a\)(τ) | \(\rho\)(τ) | \({a}_{ND}\)(τ) | \({a}_{EPI}\)(τ) | \({a}_{EXR}\)(τ) | \(a\)(τ) | \(\rho\)(τ) | \({a}_{NC}\)(τ) | \({a}_{EPI}\)(τ) | \({a}_{EXR}\)(τ) |
0.10 | 3.00*** | 0.01 | 0.001 | − 0.01 | − 0.001 | 1.20*** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
0.20 | 2.09* | 0.06 | 0.03 | − 0.04** | 0.003 | 1.59*** | 0.06 | 0.01 | − 0.003* | 0.002 |
0.30 | 5.01*** | − 0.10*** | − 0.06 | − 0.04* | 0.003 | 2.00* | − 0.10* | − 0.03 | 0.04 | − 0.005 |
0.40 | 1.67 | − 0.10 | − 0.10*** | 0.06 | 0.006 | 1.88 | − 0.02 | − 0.06 | 0.07 | − 0.007 |
0.50 | 0.63* | 0.13* | − 0.13*** | 0.03 | − 0.009* | 0.97** | 0.13** | − 0.17** | 0.10 | 0.008 |
0.60 | 2.06*** | − 0.28*** | − 0.19* | − 0.10 | − 0.01 | 1.61* | − 0.14 | − 0.13** | 0.10 | − 0.02*** |
0.70 | 1.00** | − 0.21** | − 0.25*** | − 0.11 | − 0.03** | 3.19** | − 0.34** | − 0.08** | 0.12 | − 0.04 |
0.80 | 2.25* | − 0.34*** | − 0.14** | − 0.20** | − 0.03*** | 2.10*** | − 0.37** | − 0.03 | − 0.15** | − 0.06*** |
0.90 | 1.88 | − 0.55*** | − 0.10 | 0.27*** | 0.04* | 3.08* | − 0.49*** | − 0.04 | − 0.35*** | − 0.08*** |
Part B: Diagnostic tests | ||||||||||
Adj. R2 | 0.82 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Reset test | 0.600 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.721 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CUSUM | Stable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Stable | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CUSUMQ | Stable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Stable | Â | Â | Â | Â |
LM | 0.711 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.803 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Durbin–Watson test | d = 2.10 |  |  |  |  | d = 2.14 |  |  |  |  |