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Table 3 Unit root tests

From: Asymmetric evidence of foreign direct investment response to stock returns in Nigeria

(a)

Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF)

Phillips–Perron (PP)

 

Constant

Constant and trend

None

Constant

Constant and trend

None

Variables

t-stat.

P-value

t-stat.

P-value

t-stat.

P-value

t-stat.

P-value

t-stat.

P-value

t-stat.

P-value

Level

LNFDI

− 2.72

0.07*

− 1.44

0.85

1.12

0.93

− 2.06

0.26

− 2.54

0.31

0.28

0.77

LNGDP

− 2.64

0.09*

− 0.57

0.98

2.93

0.99

− 2.18

0.21

0.18

0.99

8.42

1.00

LNEXR

− 2.67

0.08*

− 2.62

0.27

1.71

0.98

− 2.72

0.07*

− 2.61

0.28

1.68

0.98

STR

− 6.75

0.00****

− 7.02

0.00***

− 6.14

0.00***

− 158.26

0.00***

− 17.87

0.00***

− 17.86

0.00*

STR(+)

− 15.36

0.00***

− 15.36

0.00***

− 2.12

0.03**

− 16.03

0.00***

− 16.03

0.00***

− 9.30

0.00*

STR(−)

− 9.51

0.00***

− 15.35

0.00***

− 3.02

0.00***

− 15.51

0.00***

− 15.84

0.00***

− 12.82

0.00*

First difference

LNFDI

− 6.67

0.00***

− 7.05

0.00***

− 6.50

0.00***

− 16.08

0.00***

− 16.08

0.00***

− 16.09

0.00***

LNGDP

− 3.64

0.01***

− 4.45

0.00***

− 1.36

0.16

− 14.17

0.00***

− 14.57

0.00***

− 7.50

0.00***

LNEXR

− 19.54

0.00***

− 19.67

0.00***

− 19.16

0.00***

− 19.54

0.00***

− 19.68

0.00***

− 19.17

0.00***

STR

− 11.99

0.00***

− 11.98

0.00***

− 12.01

0.00***

− 158.26

0.00***

− 158.03

0.00***

− 158.57

0.00***

STR( +)

− 15.34

0.00***

− 15.32

0.00***

− 15.35

0.00***

− 113.36

0.00***

− 112.07

0.00***

− 112.98

0.00***

STR(−)

− 15.60

0.00***

− 15.58

0.00***

− 15.62

0.00***

− 103.54

0.00***

− 103.67

0.00***

− 103.72

0.00***

(b)

 

Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF)

Phillip–Perron (PP)

 

Level

First difference

Remark

Level

First difference

Remark

Variables

t-stat.

t-stat.

I(d)

t-stat.

t-stat.

I(d)

LNFDI

− 2.72a**

− 7.05b***

I(0)

− 16.08b***

I(1)

LNGDP

− 2.64a**

− 4.45b***

I(0)

− 14.57b***

I(1)

LNEXR

− 2.668a**

− 19.67b***

I(0)

− 2.72a**

− 19.68b***

I(0)

STR

− 7.02b***

− 11.98b***

I(0)

− 17.87b***

− 158.03b***

I(0)

STR( +)

− 15.36b***

− 15.32b***

I(0)

− 16.03b***

− 112.07b***

I(0)

STR(−)

− 15.35b***

− 15.58b***

I(0)

− 15.84b***

− 103.67b***

I(0)

  1. (a) *, ** and ***Imply significance of the variables at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively
  2. (b) ** and***Indicate significance level of the variable s at 5% and 1%, respectively. Any variable that is significant at both level and first difference is a level stationary series. Also, ‘a’ represents model with constant, while ‘b’ is for model with constant and trend