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Table 4 Estimation of short elasticity

From: Dynamic linkages between tourism, economic growth, trade, energy demand and carbon emission: evidence from EU

Variables

Spec 1 PMG

Spec 2 MG

Spec 3 PMG

Spec 4 MG

Spec 5 MG

ln CO2

ln exp

ln gdp

ln Energy

ln trade

ECT

− 0.199**

− 0.462***

− 0.154***

− 0.908***

− 0.688***

∆ ln CO2

 

− 0.794

0.07

0.546***

− 0.372

∆ ln Texp

0.00377

 

0.0353***

0.0202***

0.00788

∆ ln gdp

0.288*

1.42

 

− 0.00324

2.027***

∆ ln Energy

1.315***

1.547*

0.0903

  

∆ ln trade

− 0.171***

0.0786

0.168***

0.0927**

 
  1. The level of significance is indicated by 1%, 5%, 10& for *, **,***ARDL (PMG & MG) models selected on SC Schwarz information criterion, k = 1, ∆ is the first difference term