Dynamic linkages between tourism, economic growth, trade, energy demand and carbon emission: evidence from EU

Future Business Journal

Table 3 Panel unit root estimates

Variables	LLC		IPS		CIPS		Result
Variables	Intercept	Intercept and Trend	Intercept	Intercept and Trend	Intercept	Intercept and Trend	Result
ln CO₂	3.95789	− 0.11978	3.69498	1.37362	− 2.492**	− 2.291	I(1)
ln Energy	0.54592	− 0.60393	0.80616	0.72006	− 1.588	− 2.037	I(1)
ln Rgdp	− 6.29115***	− 4.52312***	− 4.02119***	− 2.51377**	− 2.415**	− 3.15***	I(0)
ln Texp	− 2.16967**	− 2.90621***	0.88428	− 2.69095***	− 2.343**	− 2.598	I(0)
ln Trade	− 3.04983***	− 3.93587***	− 0.59663	− 1.91400*	− 1.329	− 1.399	I(1)
∆ ln CO₂	− 9.23739***	− 11.7617***	− 8.89934***	− 11.5886***	− 3.134***	− 3.449***	I(1)
∆ ln Energy	− 9.32433***	− 15.2386***	− 8.12435***	− 14.0263***	− 3.540***	− 3.540***	I(1)
∆ ln Rgdp	− 6.38245***	− 7.04108***	− 4.59054***	− 5.52226***	− 2.897***	− 2.731*	I(1)
∆ ln Texp	− 9.56052***	− 6.86980***	− 8.33124***	− 5.94916***	− 2.342**	− 2.887**	I(1)
∆ ln Trade	− 13.0986***	− 11.3133***	− 10.3332***	− 8.38967***	− 2.256**	− 3.444***	I(1)