The effect of military spending on economic growth in MENA: evidence from method of moments quantile regression

Future Business Journal

Table 4 Unit root test results

	IPS		LLC		BREITUNG		FISHER		HADRI		HT
Variables	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff
RGDP	− 0.828	− 5.786***	− 2.066**	− 7.692***	11.413	− 5.445***	3.414	− 11.532***	87.737***	− 0.456	2.765	− 47.822***
RGDPPCP	− 1.709	− 5.517***	− 1.045	− 7.002***	5.890	− 5.650***	− 0.060	− 10.603***	68.289***	− 0.1700	− 0.735	− 47.179***
MIL	− 0.772	− 5.973***	1.250	− 11.320***	2.649	− 8.995***	2.684	− 14.057***	67.496***	− 1.291	1.144	− 41.405***
MIL_GDP	− 1.826*	− 6.253***	− 3.100***	− 11.229***	1.216	− 9.269***	− 2.394***	− 13.789***	46.877***	− 1.686	− 3.230***	− 41.829***
EMPL	− 0.940	− 3.667***	− 3.576***	− 5.617***	14.610	− 7.481***	1.651	− 7.180***	89.082***	3.889***	3.301	− 18.697***
POPGR	− 1.798	− 2.091**	− 13.222***	− 15.086***	2.704	− 2.903***	− 16.774***	− 16.283***	13.261***	0.768	− 0.499	− 14.163***
CAPSTK	− 0.207	− 2.840***	2.918	− 3.349***	17.522	− 0.928	7.170	− 5.764***	87.773***	18.176***	3.579	− 10.230***
FDI	− 2.998***	− 7.938***	− 4.259***	− 11.551***	− 6.625***	− 12.335***	− 4.561***	− 15.484***	19.446***	− 3.329	− 17.733***	− 56.767***
TROPEN	− 2.502***	− 5.358***	− 3.480***	− 11.034***	0.913	− 6.943***	− 3.425***	− 13.273***	18.329***	− 2.047	− 5.552***	− 36.105***

***, ** and * represent 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively
RGDP, RGDPPCP, MIL, MIL_GDP, EMPL, POPGR, CAPSTK, FDI and TROPEN denote real gross domestic product (M’USD), real gross domestic product per capita (M’USD), military expenditure (M’USD), military burden, employment (M), population growth (%), capital stock at a constant price, 2017 (M'USD), foreign direct investment (%) and trade openness (%), respectively