Variable | Pooled | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Firm factors regression | ||||||||||||
C |  − 13.20*** |  − 70.08*** | 1.35* |  − 55.74*** |  − 75.58*** |  − 32.97*** |  − 20.25*** |  − 69.90*** |  − 71.43*** |  − 13.35*** |  − 55.08*** |  − 66.38*** |
CI | 4.94*** | 17.63*** | 1.47*** | 14.27*** | 18.60*** | 8.48*** | 5.58*** | 17.00*** | 17.63*** | 4.74*** | 13.73*** | 16.27*** |
EI | 1.81*** | 0.23*** | 1.49*** | 0.91*** | 0.80*** | 1.78*** | 1.76*** | 0.76*** | 3.10*** | 1.88*** | 1.63*** | 0.98*** |
CS | 0.38*** | 0.09*** | 0.49*** | 0.26*** | 0.23*** | 0.48*** | 0.52*** | 0.13*** | 0.46*** | 0.28*** | 0.30*** | 0.14*** |
SA | 0.01*** | 0.00** | 0.01*** | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | 0.04*** | 0.05*** | 0.03*** | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | 0.02*** | 0.03*** |
AE |  − 0.91*** |  − 0.52* | 0.00 |  − 0.19 |  − 0.17 |  − 0.46*** |  − 0.55*** |  − 0.63* | 0.08 | 0.46 |  − 0.23** |  − 0.82** |
EP | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
PCU |  − 0.09*** |  − 0.04* |  − 0.04** |  − 0.04* | 0.00 |  − 0.16*** |  − 0.14*** |  − 0.17*** | 0.09*** |  − 0.10* |  − 0.03* |  − 0.13*** |
Panel B: Carbon tax (5%) regression scenario | ||||||||||||
CPT_1 | 0.22*** | 0.15*** | 0.40*** | 0.20*** | 0.07*** | 0.25*** | 0.22*** | 0.17*** | 0.36*** | 0.13*** | 0.21*** | 0.23*** |
Panel C: Regression of the interaction between firm factors and carbon tax | ||||||||||||
CI*CPT_1 | 3.05*** |  − 17.85*** |  − 7.05** | 16.58*** | 24.07*** | 10.62*** |  − 15.54*** | 16.87*** | 19.00*** |  − 0.80 | 20.85*** | 10.34*** |
EI*CPT_1 |  − 7.99*** |  − 5.54*** | 1.95*** |  − 6.50*** |  − 6.83*** |  − 6.14*** | 3.78*** |  − 13.03*** |  − 12.43*** | 0.47 |  − 7.96*** |  − 15.01*** |
CS*CPT_1 |  − 0.16*** |  − 0.40*** |  − 3.87*** |  − 0.73*** |  − 0.79*** |  − 0.39*** |  − 5.08*** |  − 0.70*** |  − 0.51*** |  − 0.00 |  − 0.76*** |  − 0.32*** |
SA*CPT_1 |  − 0.04*** |  − 0.043*** |  − 0.28*** |  − 0.03*** |  − 0.03*** |  − 0.00 |  − 0.30*** | 0.00 |  − 0.04*** |  − 0.03*** |  − 0.02* | 0.00 |
AE*CPT_1 |  − 0.24*** |  − 0.04* |  − 0.03** |  − 0.22* |  − 0.07 |  − 0.28** |  − 0.00 |  − 0.03 |  − 0.08* |  − 0.20 |  − 0.23* |  − 0.30** |
EP*CPT_1 |  − 0.00 |  − 0.05*** |  − 0.16*** |  − 0.01 |  − 0.00 |  − 0.15** |  − 0.36*** |  − 0.05* |  − 0.07*** |  − 0.00 |  − 0.46*** |  − 0.10** |
PCU*CPT_1 |  − 0.03 | 0.00* |  − 0.05** |  − 0.04 |  − 0.01 |  − 0.07 |  − 0.03 |  − 0.08 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.07 |  − 0.51*** |  − 0.23* |
R SQR | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 0.87 |