Table 6 Second generation unit root
From: Assessing the determinants of government spending efficiency in Africa
(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel unit root test (MW) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Specification | Without | Trend |
| Â | Lags | chi_sq | p-value |
EFF | 0 | 360.302 | 0.000 |
EFF | 1 | 205.637 | 0.000 |
GOV | 0 | 86.715 | 0.285 |
GOV | 1 | 78.748 | 0.519 |
GDP | 0 | 34.452 | 1.000 |
GDP | 1 | 51.178 | 0.995 |
RENT | 0 | 94.817 | 0.123 |
RENT | 1 | 105.556 | 0.029 |
COR | 0 | 107.788 | 0.021 |
COR | 1 | 139.188 | 0.000 |
EFFE | 0 | 134.466 | 0.000 |
EFFE | 1 | 208.649 | 0.000 |
COL | 0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
COL | 1 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
DUM_RE | 0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
DUM_RE | 1 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Variable | Specification | With | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Lags | chi_sq | p-value |
EFF | 0 | 92.931 | 0.153 |
EFF | 1 | 71.653 | 0.736 |
GOV | 0 | 89.110 | 0.228 |
GOV | 1 | 102.225 | 0.048 |
GDP | 0 | 73.624 | 0.679 |
GDP | 1 | 55.412 | 0.984 |
RENT | 0 | 61.635 | 0.937 |
RENT | 1 | 93.721 | 0.140 |
COR | 0 | 68.298 | 0.822 |
COR | 1 | 107.732 | 0.021 |
EFFE | 0 | 110.489 | 0.014 |
EFFE | 1 | 172.627 | 0.000 |
COL | 0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
COL | 1 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
DUM_RE | 0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
DUM_RE | 1 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
(B) Peseran (2007) Panel unit root test (CIPS) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Specification | Without | Trend | |
| Â | Lags | Zt-bar | p-value | t-bar |
EFF | 0 | − 4.427 | 0.000 |  |
EFF | 1 | − 3.855 | 0.000 |  |
GOV | 0 | 0.854 | 0.803 | Â |
GOV | 1 | 1.423 | 0.923 | Â |
GDP | 0 | 1.204 | 0.886 | Â |
GDP | 1 | 0.916 | 0.820 | Â |
RENT | 0 | − 2.732 | 0.003 |  |
RENT | 1 | − 2.868 | 0.002 |  |
COR | 0 | 0.399 | 0.655 | Â |
COR | 1 | − 0.321 | 0.374 |  |
EFFE | 0 | − 2.724 | 0.003 |  |
EFFE | 1 | − 2.438 | 0.007 |  |
COL | 0 | 28.493 | 1.000 | Â |
COL | 1 | 28.493 | 1.000 | Â |
DUM_RE | 0 | 28.493 | 1.000 | Â |
DUM_RE | 1 | 28.493 | 1.000 | Â |
Variable | Specification | With | Trend | t-bar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Lags | Zt-bar | p-value | Â |
EFF | 0 | − 3.154 | 0.001 |  |
EFF | 1 | − 2.693 | 0.004 |  |
GOV | 0 | − 0.406 | 0.343 |  |
GOV | 1 | − 0.291 | 0.385 |  |
GDP | 0 | − 3.421 | 0.000 |  |
GDP | 1 | − 4.396 | 0.000 |  |
RENT | 0 | 1.011 | 0.844 | Â |
RENT | 1 | − 0.070 | 0.472 |  |
COR | 0 | 2.451 | 0.993 | Â |
COR | 1 | 2.050 | 0.980 | Â |
EFFE | 0 | − 1.729 | 0.042 |  |
EFFE | 1 | − 0.863 | 0.194 |  |
COL | 0 | 27.270 | 1.000 | Â |
COL | 1 | 27.270 | 1.000 | Â |
DUM_RE | 0 | 27.270 | 1.000 | Â |
DUM_RE | 1 | 27.270 | 1.000 | Â |