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Table 1 Unit root tests results.

From: Capitalization and profitability: applicability of capital theories in BRICS banking sector

 

Variables

Intercept

Trend and Intercept

None

 

Level (P values) I(0)

First Difference (P values) I(1)

Level (P values) I(0)

First Difference (P values) I(1)

Level (P values) I(0)

First Difference (P values) I(1)

BRICS

Levin, Lin & Chu test

CAR

0.188

0.000***

0.114

0.000***

0.627

0.000***

CR

0.058*

0.000***

0.060

0.000***

0.971

0.000***

ROA

0.060*

0.000***

0.766

0.000***

0.054*

0.000***

ROE

0.050*

0.000***

0.110

0.000***

0.077*

0.000***

Brazil

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test

CAR

0.058*

0.021**

0.197

0.045**

0.822

0.001***

CR

0.177

0.000***

0.106

0.000***

0.400

0.000***

ROA

0.084*

0.000***

0.157

0.001***

0.597

0.000***

ROE

0.061*

0.000***

0.117

0.001***

0.572

0.000***

Russia

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test

CAR

0.644

0.014**

0.124

0.045**

0.223

0.001***

CR

0.451

0.000***

0.061*

0.003**

0.480

0.000***

ROA

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

ROE

0.406

0.000***

0.018**

0.000***

0.383

0.000***

India

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test

CAR

0.388

0.049**

0.513

0.021**

0.904

0.005***

CR

0.898

0.000***

0.367

0.002***

0.973

0.000***

ROA

0.837

0.000***

0.605

0.000***

0.438

0.000***

ROE

0.807

0.002***

0.474

0.004***

0.242

0.000***

China

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test

CAR

0.772

0.084*

0.902

0.023**

0.822

0.022**

CR

0.746

0.000***

0.187

0.003***

0.999

0.007***

ROA

0.025

0.000***

0.543

0.023**

0.581

0.000***

ROE

0.080*

0.000***

0.382

0.000***

0.629

0.000***

South Africa

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test

CAR

0.639

0.000***

0.028**

0.000***

0.759

0.000***

CR

0.221

0.000***

0.576

0.002***

0.576

0.000***

ROA

0.021**

0.000***

0.054*

0.001***

0.132

0.000***

ROE

0.156

0.003***

0.456

0.000***

0.654

0.000***

  1. *, ** and *** denote significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively,
  2. Null preposition: Every series has a unit root or series is non-stationary
  3. Alternative preposition: Series are stationary or series have no unit root