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Table 4 Decoupling of CO2 emissions from economic development (1990–2018)

From: Decomposition of the decoupling of CO2 emissions from economic growth in Ghana

Year

\({D}_{C, G}\)

\(\beta C\)

\(\beta G\)

Decoupling state

1990–1991

−0.3104

−0.0824

0.2656

Strong

1991–1992

1.3340

0.2031

0.1523

Expansive negative

1992–1993

0.0935

0.0357

0.3821

Weak

1993–1994

0.2444

0.0846

0.3463

Weak

1994–1995

0.1482

0.0723

0.4875

Weak

1995–1996

0.2236

0.1024

0.4581

Weak

1996–1997

0.1973

0.0489

0.2478

Weak

1997–1998

1.8590

0.4219

0.2270

Expansive negative

1998–1999

0.4125

0.0787

0.1908

Weak

1999–2000

−0.3985

−0.1277

0.3204

Strong

2000–2001

0.2043

0.0819

0.4007

Weak

2001–2002

0.6874

0.1948

0.2835

Weak

2002–2003

−0.1105

−0.0391

0.3538

Strong

2003–2004

−0.3456

−0.0715

0.2069

Strong

2004–2005

0.2775

0.0604

0.2178

Weak

2005–2006

0.2179

0.2009

0.9219

Weak

2006–2007

0.3056

0.0735

0.2406

Weak

2007–2008

−0.1794

−0.0541

0.3017

Strong

2008–2009

0.7662

0.1624

0.2119

Weak

2009–2010

0.4696

0.1206

0.2568

Weak

2010–2011

0.3169

0.0951

0.3000

Weak

2011–2012

0.6351

0.1646

0.2592

Weak

2012–2013

0.0842

0.0556

0.6600

Weak

2013–2014

−0.2132

−0.0426

0.2000

Strong

2014–2015

0.3051

0.0529

0.1733

Weak

2015–2016

−0.3207

−0.0674

0.2102

Strong

2016–2017

0.2352

0.0475

0.2019

Weak

2017–2018

−0.0047

0.0900

0.1719

Weak

1990–2018

0.2548

0.0701

0.3089

Weak

  1. Source: Authors' construct \({\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{ G}},\mathrm{ \beta C},\mathrm{ and \beta G}\) denote decoupling index, the rate of growth of CO2, and economic growth, respectively