Accounting for the symmetric and asymmetric effects of FDI-growth nexus amidst financial crises, economic crises and COVID-19 pandemic: application of hidden co-integration

Future Business Journal

Table 2 Lee and Stazicich [26] unit root test with structural break

Variables	Level form I(0)		First difference I(1)		Results
Variables	t-statistics	Break points	t-statistics	Break points	Results
lnQ	− 4.5913 [6]	2000–2010	− 4.3056 [8]	2000–2007	I(1)
lninflow	− 11.118 [6]^a	1994–2009	− 9.1377 [5]^a	1993–1999	I(0)
lnoutflow	− 11.826 [5]^a	1995–2003	− 15.425 [7]^a	1994–2004	I(0)
lnL	− 9.5718 [8]^a	2003–2011	− 11.637 [1]^a	1993–2010	I(0)
lnK	− 4.6835 [4]	1996–2004	− 6.5194 [2]^b	2006–2012	I(1)
lnPcrd	− 3.4053 [2]	2005–2012	− 8.8050 [7]^a	2004–2007	I(1)
lntrade	− 7.2328 [6]^a	1994–2003	− 8.0427 [6]^a	2002–2014	I(0)