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Future Business Journal

Table 3 Unit root test results

From: ICT and agricultural sector performance: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

Variables

 

Level

First Difference

 

With intercept

With trend & intercept

With intercept

With trend & intercept

Level of integration

Agricexport

Homogenous unit root process

LL C

− 7.29***

− 31..3***

  

I(0)

Breitung

–

3.3

–

− 11.47***

I(1)

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

− 5.31***

− 4.59***

  

1(0)

IP S

− 5.68***

− 4.51***

–

 

1(0)

Agricouput

Homogenous unit root process

LL C

7.78

− 0.56

21.08

 

I(1)

Breitung

5.58

–

–

3.41**

I(1)

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

8..82

1.25

15.26

6.87***

1(1)

IP S

9.83

1.16

 

− 8.58***

1(1)

Agricemployment

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

10.69

− 0.17

− 10.26***

28.26***

I(1)

  

Breitung

 

12.84

 

13.79***

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

14.62

5.33

19.48***

− 21.22***

1(1)

  

IP S

17.28

5.3

–

24.45***

1(1)

Crop production

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

− 0.19

− 5.87**

10.00

− 17.69***

I(0)

  

Breitung

 

− 1.85**

 

8.78***

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

2.28

− 4.48***

10.44

 

1(0)

  

IP S

2.32

5.19***

  

1(1)

Internet users

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

21.90

10.43

25.35

− 21.02***

I(1)

  

Breitung

 

18.95

 

− 11.97***

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

24.64

16.01

23.29

− 16.38***

1(0)

  

IP S

32.54

20.13

 

− 4.40***

1(1)

Livestock production

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

− 1.61*

0.61

14.18

− 5.88***

I(1)

  

Breitung

1.17

  

0.29

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

3.77

2.16

14.47

− 4.20***

1(1)

  

IP S

3.72

2.02

 

7.31***

1(1)

Mobile cellular

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

11.33

− 1.24

19.28

 

I(1)

  

Breitung

 

9.00

 

− 15.12***

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

15.74

3.69

18.00

− 11.83***

1(1)

  

IP S

17.45

3.65

 

− 13.83***

1(1)

Permanent crops

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

− 5.38***

− 1.58*

6.35

 

I(1)

  

Breitung

 

3.11

 

− 15.12***

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

0.14

2.15

8.56

− 11.83***

1(0)

  

IP S

− 0.53

1.86

 

− 13.83***

1(1)

Enrolment

Homogenous unit root process

LLC

− 3.08***

0.05

2.14

 

I(0)

  

Breitung

5.87

  

5.23

I(1)

 

Heterogeneous unit root process

ADF

− 0.68

3.13

1.92

7.99***

1(1)

  

IP S

-0.77

3.15

 

3.69***

1(1)

  1. *,**,***Indicate rejection of the null hypothesis of unit root at 10%. 5% and 1% significant level
  2. Source: Author’s computation
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