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Table 2 Results of ADF and PP unit root tests

From: What drives local currency bond market development in Saudi Arabia: do macroeconomic and institutional factors matter?

 

ADF test statistic

PP test statistic

Order of integration

 

Level

First difference

Level

First difference

\(GBMC\)

− 2.243

(0.449)

− 3.256

(0.027)

− 1.480

(0.127)

− 3.256

(0.002)

I(1)

\(GDP\)

3.983

(0.999)

− 4.293

(0.000)

3.855

(0.999)

− 4.316

(0.000)

I(1)

\(GDPC\)

− 1.749

(0.396)

− 5.908

(0.000)

− 1.825

(0.361)

− 5.908

(0.000)

I(1)

\(GGFC\)

− 2.204

(0.209)

− 5.662

(0.000)

− 2.145

(0.229)

− 5.662

(0.000)

I(1)

\(EXP\)

− 1.401

(0.839)

− 4.416

(0.008)

− 1.543

(0.790)

− 4.618

(0.005)

I(1)

\(INF\)

− 2.236

(0.026)

− 8.240

(0.000)

− 2.104

(0.036)

− 8.127

(0.000)

I(0)

\(CRED\)

− 3.223

(0.100)

− 4.721

(0.004)

− 2.711

(0.239)

− 7.844

(0.000)

I(1)

\(CONC\)

− 2.324

(0.171)

− 3.541

(0.014)

− 2.350

(0.164)

− 10.818

(0.000)

I(1)

\(SMC\)

− 3.004

(0.148)

− 3.890

(0.026)

− 0.510

(0.486)

− 2.785

(0.007)

I(1)

\(SMTR\)

− 2.243

(0.196)

− 3.221

(0.029)

− 2.311

(0.175)

− 4.917

(0.000)

I(1)

\(GOV\)

− 2.682

(0.250)

− 3.334

(0.082)

− 2.780

(0.215)

− 5.027

(0.001)

I(1)

\(IP\)

0.724

(0.230)

− 2.003

(0.045)

0.049

(0.690)

− 5.147

(0.000)

I(1)

\(COR\)

− 0.539

(0.975)

− 6.417

(0.000)

− 1.000

(0.928)

− 7.672

(0.000)

I(1)

\(RL\)

− 2.021

(0.564)

− 4.472

(0.007)

− 1.925

(0.615)

− 12.855

(0.000)

I(1)

  1. The values in (.) are the p-values