Table 2 Results of panel unit root tests
From: Is gold a safe haven for the dynamic risk of foreign exchange?
Level | LG | LE |
|---|---|---|
Method | Â | Â |
Levin, Lin & Chu t* test | −3.809*** (0.001) | 1.767 (0.961) |
Breitung t-stat test | 0.662 (0.746) | −0.667 (0.252) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat test | −0.180 (0.428) | −0.761 (0.223) |
ADF—Fisher Chi-square test | 20.52 (0.902) | 24.75 (0.736) |
PP—Fisher Chi-square test | 20.81 (0.893) | 22.64 (0.829) |
Difference | \(\Delta\)LG | \(\Delta\)LE |
Levin, Lin & Chu t* test | −116.7*** (0.000) | −95.93*** (0.000) |
Breitung t-stat test | −30.90*** (0.000) | −15.57*** (0.000) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat test | −84.34*** (0.000) | –86.47*** (0.000) |
ADF—Fisher Chi-square test | 3950.8*** (0.000) | 3950.8*** (0.000) |
PP—Fisher Chi-square test | 3950.8*** (0.000) | 3950.8*** (0.000) |