Table 14 Granger Causality (2000 to 2021 data)
From: Effects of crude oil prices on copper and maize prices
Null Hypothesis (Ho) | χ2 | Prob | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
Copper price does not cause maize price | 11.1761 | 0.0037 | Reject |
Crude oil price does not cause maize price | 1.47234 | 0.4789 | Accept |
Copper and crude oil prices do not cause maize price | 12.9388 | 0.0116 | Reject |
Maize price does not cause copper price | 0.09482 | 0.9537 | Accept |
Crude oil price does not cause copper price | 4.00444 | 0.135 | Accept |
Maize price and crude oil price do not cause copper price | 4.72246 | 0.317 | Accept |
Maize price does not cause crude oil price | 3.35078 | 0.1872 | Accept |
Copper price does not cause crude oil price | 15.2488 | 0.0005 | Reject |
Copper price and maize price do not cause crude oil price | 24.1016 | 0.0001 | Reject |