An empirical analysis of African trade blocs effects on the global economy: new evidence from the gravity model

Future Business Journal

Table 10 Residual Stationarity result

	ADF test statistic		PP test statistic
Variable	Level	Variable	Level
Residual	− 5.7089	Residual	− 5.3292

ADF critical values are − 4.2191(1%), − 3.5331(5%), − 3.1983(10%) while critical values for PP are − 4.2268(1%), − 3.5366(5%) and − 3.2003(10%)