From: Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries
Country | Cluster’s number | Group | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
Greece | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | A |
Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | A |
Italy | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | A |
Belgium | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | B |
France | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | B |
Austria | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | B1 |
Germany | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | B1 |
Denmark | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | C |
Slovakia | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | C |
Portugal | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | C1 |
Spain | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | C1 |
Croatia | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | D |
Czech Rep | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | D |
Ireland | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | D1 |
UK | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | D1 |
Latvia | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | E |
Malta | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | E |
Romania | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | E |
Bulgaria | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | F |
Cyprus | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | F |
Sweden | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | G1 |
Poland | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | G1 |
Luxembourg | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | None |
Hungary | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | None |
Finland | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | None |
Slovenia | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | None |
Lithuania | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | None |
Estonia | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | None |