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Table 3 Clusters established with the k-means method and groups of EU countries by similar social expenditure value

From: Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries

Country

Cluster’s number

Group

Year

 

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Greece

1

1

4

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

A

Netherlands

1

1

4

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

A

Italy

1

1

4

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

A

Belgium

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

B

France

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

B

Austria

2

2

2

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

B1

Germany

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

B1

Denmark

3

3

3

5

5

4

4

1

4

4

4

C

Slovakia

3

3

3

5

5

4

4

1

4

4

4

C

Portugal

3

3

3

5

5

3

4

1

4

4

4

C1

Spain

4

3

3

5

5

3

4

1

4

4

4

C1

Croatia

4

4

1

4

4

4

3

4

3

3

3

D

Czech Rep

4

4

1

4

4

4

3

4

3

3

3

D

Ireland

4

4

1

4

4

4

3

3

5

5

5

D1

UK

4

4

1

4

4

4

3

4

3

3

3

D1

Latvia

5

5

5

3

3

1

5

3

5

5

5

E

Malta

5

5

5

3

3

1

5

3

5

5

5

E

Romania

5

5

5

3

3

1

5

3

5

5

5

E

Bulgaria

5

5

5

3

3

5

3

5

3

3

3

F

Cyprus

5

5

5

3

3

5

3

5

3

3

3

F

Sweden

3

3

1

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

G1

Poland

3

4

1

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

G1

Luxembourg

1

1

4

5

5

3

4

1

4

4

1

None

Hungary

1

3

3

5

4

4

3

5

3

3

3

None

Finland

3

1

4

5

5

3

1

2

1

1

1

None

Slovenia

3

3

4

5

5

3

4

1

4

4

4

None

Lithuania

4

3

1

3

3

5

5

5

5

3

3

None

Estonia

5

4

5

3

3

1

5

5

3

3

3

None

  1. Source Own calculations based on the data from Eurostat