From: Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries
Country | Social expenditure as % of GDP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Min | Max | SD | As | Excess kurtosis | V | |
Austria | 22.40 | 21.00 | 23.00 | 0.60 | − 1.38 | 1.87 | 2.68% |
Belgium | 24.44 | 22.50 | 25.20 | 0.72 | − 2.18 | 5.84 | 2.94% |
Bulgaria | 13.25 | 11.20 | 14.40 | 0.84 | − 1.33 | 3.04 | 6.36% |
Croatia | 16.01 | 14.00 | 17.00 | 0.82 | − 1.41 | 3.24 | 5.11% |
Cyprus | 13.06 | 11.00 | 14.20 | 0.90 | − 1.23 | 1.85 | 6.87% |
Czech Republic | 15.64 | 14.50 | 16.50 | 0.68 | − 0.47 | − 1.33 | 4.37% |
Denmark | 18.21 | 16.20 | 18.90 | 0.86 | − 1.45 | 1.91 | 4.70% |
Estonia | 13.15 | 11.90 | 15.60 | 1.08 | 1.22 | 1.50 | 8.23% |
Finland | 20.73 | 16.90 | 22.40 | 1.62 | − 1.32 | 2.05 | 7.83% |
France | 25.35 | 23.20 | 26.10 | 0.81 | − 2.13 | 5.43 | 3.18% |
Germany | 24.02 | 23.30 | 25.60 | 0.67 | 1.47 | 2.15 | 2.80% |
Greece | 21.44 | 18.90 | 23.20 | 1.19 | − 0.61 | 1.05 | 5.54% |
Hungary | 16.25 | 13.10 | 18.80 | 2.00 | − 0.34 | − 1.49 | 12.28% |
Ireland | 13.89 | 9.30 | 17.20 | 3.19 | − 0.39 | − 1.80 | 22.99% |
Italy | 21.89 | 19.60 | 22.80 | 0.95 | − 1.49 | 2.50 | 4.34% |
Latvia | 11.87 | 8.90 | 14.30 | 1.42 | − 0.17 | 1.76 | 11.93% |
Lithuania | 13.85 | 12.40 | 18.20 | 1.85 | 1.68 | 2.29 | 13.34% |
Luxembourg | 20.15 | 19.00 | 21.70 | 0.83 | 0.38 | − 0.52 | 4.14% |
Malta | 11.77 | 9.60 | 13.20 | 1.31 | − 0.62 | − 1.34 | 11.09% |
Netherlands | 21.19 | 18.70 | 22.20 | 0.97 | − 1.81 | 4.25 | 4.58% |
Poland | 16.40 | 15.60 | 17.20 | 0.47 | 0.06 | − 0.34 | 2.89% |
Portugal | 19.02 | 16.90 | 20.60 | 0.99 | − 0.64 | 1.23 | 5.19% |
Romania | 12.03 | 10.70 | 13.90 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.42 | 7.71% |
Slovakia | 18.64 | 16.30 | 19.40 | 0.85 | − 2.40 | 6.69 | 4.54% |
Slovenia | 19.19 | 17.40 | 20.50 | 1.12 | − 0.47 | − 1.23 | 5.83% |
Spain | 18.07 | 14.90 | 19.50 | 1.23 | − 1.77 | 4.60 | 6.79% |
Sweden | 16.89 | 16.20 | 17.80 | 0.52 | 0.38 | − 0.72 | 3.08% |
UK | 15.95 | 14.70 | 16.80 | 0.70 | − 0.56 | − 1.01 | 4.42% |