Skip to main content

Table 1 Social expenditure of the government sector in EU countries in 2008–2018

From: Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries

Country

Social expenditure as % of GDP

Average

Min

Max

SD

As

Excess kurtosis

V

Austria

22.40

21.00

23.00

0.60

 − 1.38

1.87

2.68%

Belgium

24.44

22.50

25.20

0.72

 − 2.18

5.84

2.94%

Bulgaria

13.25

11.20

14.40

0.84

 − 1.33

3.04

6.36%

Croatia

16.01

14.00

17.00

0.82

 − 1.41

3.24

5.11%

Cyprus

13.06

11.00

14.20

0.90

 − 1.23

1.85

6.87%

Czech Republic

15.64

14.50

16.50

0.68

 − 0.47

 − 1.33

4.37%

Denmark

18.21

16.20

18.90

0.86

 − 1.45

1.91

4.70%

Estonia

13.15

11.90

15.60

1.08

1.22

1.50

8.23%

Finland

20.73

16.90

22.40

1.62

 − 1.32

2.05

7.83%

France

25.35

23.20

26.10

0.81

 − 2.13

5.43

3.18%

Germany

24.02

23.30

25.60

0.67

1.47

2.15

2.80%

Greece

21.44

18.90

23.20

1.19

 − 0.61

1.05

5.54%

Hungary

16.25

13.10

18.80

2.00

 − 0.34

 − 1.49

12.28%

Ireland

13.89

9.30

17.20

3.19

 − 0.39

 − 1.80

22.99%

Italy

21.89

19.60

22.80

0.95

 − 1.49

2.50

4.34%

Latvia

11.87

8.90

14.30

1.42

 − 0.17

1.76

11.93%

Lithuania

13.85

12.40

18.20

1.85

1.68

2.29

13.34%

Luxembourg

20.15

19.00

21.70

0.83

0.38

 − 0.52

4.14%

Malta

11.77

9.60

13.20

1.31

 − 0.62

 − 1.34

11.09%

Netherlands

21.19

18.70

22.20

0.97

 − 1.81

4.25

4.58%

Poland

16.40

15.60

17.20

0.47

0.06

 − 0.34

2.89%

Portugal

19.02

16.90

20.60

0.99

 − 0.64

1.23

5.19%

Romania

12.03

10.70

13.90

0.93

0.92

0.42

7.71%

Slovakia

18.64

16.30

19.40

0.85

 − 2.40

6.69

4.54%

Slovenia

19.19

17.40

20.50

1.12

 − 0.47

 − 1.23

5.83%

Spain

18.07

14.90

19.50

1.23

 − 1.77

4.60

6.79%

Sweden

16.89

16.20

17.80

0.52

0.38

 − 0.72

3.08%

UK

15.95

14.70

16.80

0.70

 − 0.56

 − 1.01

4.42%

  1. Source Own calculation based on Eurostat data