From: The detection of earnings management through a decrease of corporate income tax
Year | N | Variables | Mean | Median | Std. deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.031 | 0.008 | −0.480 | 0.325 |
Total tax rate |  | lev | 0.709 | 0.079 | 0.947 | −0.440 | 1.440 |
 |  | mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | −0.480 | 0.770 |
 |  | da | 0.055 | 0.087 | 0.075 | −0.490 | 1.300 |
 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.008 | −0.869 | 0.520 |
2007 |  | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.839 | −0.370 | 0.340 |
Total tax rate | Â | mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.054 |
 |  | da | −0.021 | −0.020 | 0.188 | 0.020 | 0.324 |
2008 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.32 | 1.649 |
Total tax rate | Â | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.000 | 0 | 0.514 |
 |  | mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.839 | 0.039 |
 |  | da | −0.027 | −0.026 | 0.550 | 0.002 | 0.122 |
2009 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.100 | 0.010 |
Total tax rate | Â | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 1.268 |
 |  | mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.163 | 0.231 |
 |  | da | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.301 | −0.072 | 0.251 |