From: The detection of earnings management through a decrease of corporate income tax
Year | N | Variables | Mean | Median | Std. deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.031 | 0.008 | −0.480 | 0.325 |
Total tax rate | lev | 0.709 | 0.079 | 0.947 | −0.440 | 1.440 | |
mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | −0.480 | 0.770 | ||
da | 0.055 | 0.087 | 0.075 | −0.490 | 1.300 | ||
993 | size | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.008 | −0.869 | 0.520 | |
2007 | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.839 | −0.370 | 0.340 | |
Total tax rate | mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.054 | |
da | −0.021 | −0.020 | 0.188 | 0.020 | 0.324 | ||
2008 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.32 | 1.649 |
Total tax rate | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.000 | 0 | 0.514 | |
mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.839 | 0.039 | ||
da | −0.027 | −0.026 | 0.550 | 0.002 | 0.122 | ||
2009 | 993 | size | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.100 | 0.010 |
Total tax rate | lev | 0.564 | 0.065 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 1.268 | |
mgt | 0.53 | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.163 | 0.231 | ||
da | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.301 | −0.072 | 0.251 |