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Table 1 Result of panel unit root test.

From: How does manufacturing output affect export behaviors in emerging market economies? Evidence from a dynamic panel ARDL for ten biggest emerging market economies

 

LLC test

IP & SW test

ADF FC test

PP FC test

Constant

Constant and trend

Constant

Constant and trend

Constant

Constant and trend

Constant

Constant and trend

Tests in logarithmic levels

        

EXP

− 0.76

1.96

2.97

0.54

4.41

13.12

4.85

15.53

GFCF

− 2.03***

− 1.89

− 2.03**

− 1.76

32.16**

34.69

29.17**

35.23

GDP

− 2.27**

− 0.76

2.82

− 0.71

24.95

22.71

45.76***

19.16

IMP

− 3.13***

2.41

1.66

2.61

12.14

7.85

13.19

10.01

MVA

− 0.48

0.01

− 0.07

0.81

22.66

16.90

23.28

16.27

Test in logarithmic first difference

        

EXP

− 15.87***

− 14.26***

− 15.35***

− 13.77***

214.94***

176.87***

214.89***

179.15***

GFCF

− 13.17***

− 10.16***

− 12.57***

− 10.40***

172.68***

130.33***

195.63***

164.33***

GDP

− 12.14***

− 11.95***

− 11.88***

− 11.60***

162.35***

147.35***

188.05***

364.56***

IMP

− 14.67***

− 13.53***

− 14.42***

− 13.24***

201.09***

165.92***

202.13***

167.32***

MVA

− 14.74***

− 16.37***

− 14.29***

− 15.91***

199.70***

225.51***

226.89***

300.27***

  1. ***,** and * denote 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance