Skip to main content

Table 4 Results of the dynamic threshold effect of the environmental degradation on foreign direct investment and poverty reduction (dependent variable: human development index)

From: Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: does environmental degradation matter?

 

Carbon dioxide emission (CO2)

Methane emission

Nitrous oxide emission

Threshold estimates

   

\(\hat{\gamma }\)

1.819

4.299

3.849

Foreign direct investment

   

\(\hat{\beta }_{1}\)

0.0001 (0.737)

0.0001 (0.838)

− 0.0005 (0.867)

\(\hat{\beta }_{2}\)

0.001** (0.044)

0.001** (0.044)

0.001** (0.032)

Control variables

   

L. Human development index

0.937*** (0.000)

0.936*** (0.000)

0.934*** (0.000)

Inflation

− 3.610 (0.720)

− 3.611 (0.720)

− 3.811 (0.705)

Financial development

0.001** (0.013)

0.001** (0.013)

0.001*** (0.007)

Trade openness

0.0002*** (0.000)

0.0002*** (0.000)

0.0002*** (0.000)

Corruption

0.002 (0.133)

0.002 (0.133)

0.001 (0.237)

\(\hat{\delta }_{1}\)

0.012*** (0.005)

0.012*** (0.005)

0.013*** (0.004)

No. of observation

617

617

617

No. of countries

39

39

39

  1. ***, **,*Implies significance at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively
  2. The probability values are in parentheses