Table 3 Results of the dynamic threshold effect of the environmental degradation on foreign direct investment and poverty reduction (dependent variable: life expectancy)
Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) | Methane emissions | Nitrous oxide emissions | |
|---|---|---|---|
Threshold estimates | |||
\(\hat{\gamma }\) | 0.125 | 4.278 | 3.807 |
Foreign direct investment | |||
\(\hat{\beta }_{1}\) | 0.100*** (0.001) | 0.046** (0.025) | 0.039* (0.061) |
\(\hat{\beta }_{2}\) | 0.039** (0.026) | 0.130*** (0.001) | 0.123*** (0.000) |
Control variables | |||
L. Life expectancy | 0.906*** (0.000) | 0.882*** (0.000) | 0.884*** (0.000) |
Inflation | − 0.0002 (0.748) | − 0.0002 (0.821) | − 0.0001 (0.827) |
Financial development | 0.006** (0.031) | 0.006* (0.072) | 0.006* (0.056) |
Trade openness | 0.010*** (0.000) | 0.012*** (0.000) | 0.012*** (0.000) |
Corruption | − 0.106 (0.115) | − 0.066 (0.351) | − 0.081 (0.253) |
\(\hat{\delta }_{1}\) | 4.605*** (0.000) | 5.647*** (0.000) | 5.539*** (0.000) |
No. of observation | 673 | 617 | 617 |
No. of countries | 39 | 39 | 39 |