Table. 3 Unit root test.
Variables | Levin et al | Im et al | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With trend | Without trend | With trend | Without trend | Levels | |
COR | − 42.0707*** | − 36.7297*** | − 12.3747*** | − 12.4458*** | I (1) |
DPS | − 14.0877*** | − 11.8508*** | − 4.01687*** | − 4.72638*** | I (0) |
INGDP | − 11.4394*** | − 30.6029*** | − 4.7009*** | − 14.8583*** | I (0) |
MKV | − 11.9868*** | − 15.5734*** | − 8.39353*** | − 14.3758*** | I (1) |
INPPE | − 9.0769*** | − 10.6927*** | − 4.40224*** | − 8.63076*** | I (1) |