Table 4 Descriptive statistics
From: Corruption and its diverse effect on credit risk: global evidence
Variables | Description | Source | Reference | Mean | SD | Max | Min |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Credit Risk | Bank non-performing loans to total gross loans | World Bank Database | Damanhur et al. [19] | 2.40 | 5.30 | 59.76 | 0.00 |
Corruption | Corruption perception index (CPI) is used as a measure of a country’s corruption level | Transparency International | Bougatef [15] | 6.36 | 2.44 | 10.00 | 0.00 |
Capitalization | Bank capital to assets measures the ratio of bank capital and reserves to the total asset | World Bank Database | Bougatef [15] | 4.08 | 5.58 | 30.71 | 0.00 |
Credit Disclosure Index | The index varies from 0 to 8. The higher the value, the more credit-related information is available and reliable | World Bank Database | Ben Saada [9] | 1.26 | 2.54 | 8.00 | 0.00 |
GDP Growth | Annual growth of the real gross domestic product | World Bank Database | Damanhur et al. [19] | 3.95 | 6.02 | 123.14 | − 62.08 |
Inflation | Consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services | IMF Database | Damanhur et al. [19] | 4.40 | 5.16 | 48.70 | − 8.97 |
Public Debt | Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to other outstanding on a particular date | World Bank Database | Umar and Sun [48] | 2.36 | 4.97 | 59.76 | 0.00 |
Remittance | Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensations of employees | World Bank Database | Kumar et al. [34] | − 0.05 | 0.96 | 1.94 | − 2.81 |
Trade Openness | The sum of total exports of imports of goods and services as a share of GDP | World Bank Database | Dreher and Siemers [24] | 6.19 | 24.36 | 174.16 | 0.00 |
Unemployment | The share of the labour force that is without work but available for and seeking employment | World Bank Database | Kumar et al. [34] | 7.71 | 6.30 | 38.04 | 0.00 |