Table 4 Unit root test with structural breaks
From: Examining the connection among national tourism expenditure and economic growth in Algeria
Variables | ZA statistic | Break | 1% | 5% | 10% | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zivot-Andrews test | ||||||
 GDP |  − 2.808 | 2011 |  − 5.57 |  − 5.08 |  − 4.82 | I(1) |
 ITE |  − 5.873*** | 2005 |  − 5.57 |  − 5.08 |  − 4.82 | I(1) |
Variables | Innovative outliers | Additive outliers | Decision | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t statistic | Break | t statistic | Break | Â | ||
Perron test | Â | Â | ||||
 GDP |  − 3.843 | 2014 |  − 3.851 | 2010 | I(1) |  |
 ITE |  − 5.155** | 2004 |  − 6.303*** | 2004 | I(1) |  |