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Table 5 Bound test results

From: Hypothesizing directional causality between the governance indicators and economic growth: the case of Afghanistan

Model estimated (5–11)

(2003Q01–2018Q01) after sample size adjusted: AIC (2, 2)

F-statistics

Critical values

5% Significance

Result

Lower bound

Upper bound

(5) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

3.288***

2.27

3.28

Reject \( H_{0} \)

(6) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

2.457

2.27

3.28

Inconclusive

(7) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

10.315***

2.27

3.28

Reject \( H_{0} \)

(8) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

3.429***

2.27

3.28

Reject \( H_{0} \)

(9) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

5.387***

2.27

3.28

Reject \( H_{0} \)

(10) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \alpha \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

2.191

2.27

3.28

Fail to reject \( H_{0} \)

(11) \( H_{0} :\alpha_{i1} = \alpha_{i2} = \cdots = \alpha_{i7} ;\;{\text{versus}}\;H_{A} :\alpha_{i1} \ne \alpha_{i2} \ne \cdots \ne \alpha_{i7} \)

0.936

2.27

3.28

Fail to reject \( H_{0} \)

  1. Significant if *F-statistics > upper bound critical values
  2. Inconclusive if F-statistics is between lower bound and upper bound critical values
  3. Critical values are obtained from Pesaran et al. [53]
  4. ***Significant at 1% level of confidence (p < 0.01), **Significant at 5% level of confidence (p < 0.05), *Significant at 10% level of confidence (p < 0.10)