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Table 2 Parameters estimates of logistic regression model and factors affecting stunting, wasting and underweight

From: Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan

Parameters

Stunting

Wasting

Underweight

Odd ratio (95% CI)

p value

Odd ratio (95% CI)

p value

Odd ratio (95% CI)

p value

Gender

      

 Male

1.712 (0.684–2.187)

0.279

1.208 (0.769–1.352)

0.003*

1.213 (0.821–2.897)

0.002*

 Female®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Age

      

 0 (in months)

1.247 (0.543–1.546)

0.002**

1.329 (1.068–2.487)

0.001*

1.497 (0.761–2.754)

0.003*

 1 (year)

1.181 (0.719–1.487)

0.001**

1.246 (0.683–1.854)

0.002*

1.347 (0.854–1.987)

0.478

 2 (year)

1.347 (0.687–3.781)

0.529

0.467 (0.393–1.866)

0.287

0.834 (0.587–1.673)

0.824

 3 (year)

1.234 (0.768–1.974)

0.481

0.687 (0.498–1.873)

0.794

0.752 (0.456–1.239)

0.263

 4 (year)®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Family size

      

 1–5

0.589 (0.431–3.715)

0.003*

0.473 (0.348–1.249)

0.001*

0.387 (0.264–2.327)

0.002*

 6–10

0.729 (0.681–4.289)

0.725

0.693 (0.378–1.324)

0.864

0.448 (0.281–2.347)

0.693

 1–15

0.654 (0.459–5.781)

0.378

0.711 (0.529–1.281)

0.679

0.376 (0.298–4.412)

0.478

 16–20®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Area

      

 Urban

0.871 (0.679–1.548)

0.486

0.594 (0.476–1.987)

0.002*

0.697 (0.397–1.473)

0.579

 Rural®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Mother education

      

 Pre-school

1.432 (0.528–1.972)

0.012**

1.576 (1.322–2.337)

0.268

1.335 (1.114–3.482)

0.192

 Primary

1.274 (0.379–2.431)

0.003*

1.496 (1.237–2.832)

0.371

1.389 (1.131–2.156)

0.489

 Middle

1.127 (0.247–2.327)

0.001*

1.102 (0.497–2.568)

0.749

0.514 (0.161–1.642)

0.261

 Secondary

1.231 (0.417–2.247)

0.147

0.781 (0.348–1.823)

0.647

0.526 (0.164–1.690)

0.281

 Higher®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Wealth quintile

      

 Lowest

2.174 (1.234–3.376)

0.027**

2.243 (1.261–3.287)

0.002*

1.258 (0.831–2.473)

0.016*

 Secondary

1.852 (1.288–2.015)

0.471

1.603 (1.340–2.543)

0.431

1.719 (0.273–1.941)

0.571

 Middle

1.317 (0.426–2.474)

0.787

1.450 (1.240–3.618)

0.262

0.619 (0.359–1.764)

0.439

 Fourth

1.143 (0.549–2.712)

0.438

1.302 (1.275–2.051)

0.636

0.513 (0.289–1.438)

0.213

 Higher®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Food access

      

 Food shortage

1.874(0.764–2.851)

0.021**

1.367 (0.782–2.543)

0.004*

1.783 (0.857–2.647)

0.002*

 Sufficient Food®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Immunization status

      

 Incomplete

1.387 (1.123–2.431)

0.019**

1.541 (0.754–2.687)

0.001*

1.342 (1.041–2.658)

0.004*

 Complete®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Treated water access

      

 Yes

0.593 (0.387–1.965)

0.031**

1.243 (1.023–2.763)

0.714

0.689(0.542–2.743)

0.002*

 No®

1

 

1

 

1

 

Sanitation access

      

 Yes

0.789 (0.627–1.987)

0.001*

1.479 (1.087–2.857)

0.491

0.817 (0.679–1.572)

0.241

 No®

1

 

1

 

1

 
  1. * 10% level of significance
  2. ** 5% level of significance
  3. *** 1% level of significance