From: Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan
Parameters | Stunting | Wasting | Underweight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odd ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odd ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odd ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 1.712 (0.684–2.187) | 0.279 | 1.208 (0.769–1.352) | 0.003* | 1.213 (0.821–2.897) | 0.002* |
 Female® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0 (in months) | 1.247 (0.543–1.546) | 0.002** | 1.329 (1.068–2.487) | 0.001* | 1.497 (0.761–2.754) | 0.003* |
 1 (year) | 1.181 (0.719–1.487) | 0.001** | 1.246 (0.683–1.854) | 0.002* | 1.347 (0.854–1.987) | 0.478 |
 2 (year) | 1.347 (0.687–3.781) | 0.529 | 0.467 (0.393–1.866) | 0.287 | 0.834 (0.587–1.673) | 0.824 |
 3 (year) | 1.234 (0.768–1.974) | 0.481 | 0.687 (0.498–1.873) | 0.794 | 0.752 (0.456–1.239) | 0.263 |
 4 (year)® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Family size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1–5 | 0.589 (0.431–3.715) | 0.003* | 0.473 (0.348–1.249) | 0.001* | 0.387 (0.264–2.327) | 0.002* |
 6–10 | 0.729 (0.681–4.289) | 0.725 | 0.693 (0.378–1.324) | 0.864 | 0.448 (0.281–2.347) | 0.693 |
 1–15 | 0.654 (0.459–5.781) | 0.378 | 0.711 (0.529–1.281) | 0.679 | 0.376 (0.298–4.412) | 0.478 |
 16–20® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Area | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 0.871 (0.679–1.548) | 0.486 | 0.594 (0.476–1.987) | 0.002* | 0.697 (0.397–1.473) | 0.579 |
 Rural® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Mother education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Pre-school | 1.432 (0.528–1.972) | 0.012** | 1.576 (1.322–2.337) | 0.268 | 1.335 (1.114–3.482) | 0.192 |
 Primary | 1.274 (0.379–2.431) | 0.003* | 1.496 (1.237–2.832) | 0.371 | 1.389 (1.131–2.156) | 0.489 |
 Middle | 1.127 (0.247–2.327) | 0.001* | 1.102 (0.497–2.568) | 0.749 | 0.514 (0.161–1.642) | 0.261 |
 Secondary | 1.231 (0.417–2.247) | 0.147 | 0.781 (0.348–1.823) | 0.647 | 0.526 (0.164–1.690) | 0.281 |
 Higher® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Lowest | 2.174 (1.234–3.376) | 0.027** | 2.243 (1.261–3.287) | 0.002* | 1.258 (0.831–2.473) | 0.016* |
 Secondary | 1.852 (1.288–2.015) | 0.471 | 1.603 (1.340–2.543) | 0.431 | 1.719 (0.273–1.941) | 0.571 |
 Middle | 1.317 (0.426–2.474) | 0.787 | 1.450 (1.240–3.618) | 0.262 | 0.619 (0.359–1.764) | 0.439 |
 Fourth | 1.143 (0.549–2.712) | 0.438 | 1.302 (1.275–2.051) | 0.636 | 0.513 (0.289–1.438) | 0.213 |
 Higher® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Food access | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Food shortage | 1.874(0.764–2.851) | 0.021** | 1.367 (0.782–2.543) | 0.004* | 1.783 (0.857–2.647) | 0.002* |
 Sufficient Food® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Immunization status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Incomplete | 1.387 (1.123–2.431) | 0.019** | 1.541 (0.754–2.687) | 0.001* | 1.342 (1.041–2.658) | 0.004* |
 Complete® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Treated water access | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 0.593 (0.387–1.965) | 0.031** | 1.243 (1.023–2.763) | 0.714 | 0.689(0.542–2.743) | 0.002* |
 No® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Sanitation access | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 0.789 (0.627–1.987) | 0.001* | 1.479 (1.087–2.857) | 0.491 | 0.817 (0.679–1.572) | 0.241 |
 No® | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |